* 1990-The population reaches 65, 000 ; city budget reaches $ 64 million ; Central Park Elementary School opens.

1990-The Environmental Protection Act 1990 established English Nature and the Joint Nature Conservation Council.

* 1990-The Oka Crisis.

* 1990-The Meech Lake Accord collapses as it fails to win unanimous ratification by the deadline.

* April 1, 1990-The village of Haruhi gained town status.

* 1990-The Annotated Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien, edited by Douglas A. Anderson

* April 1, 1990-The village of Kasakake gained town status.

* 1990-The final phase III GTA is introduced with new bumpers, white front indicators, and charcoal tail-lights.

* 1990-The US specification requiring OSI protocols was first published as FIPS 146-1.

* May 31, 1990-The Florida Legislature enacted a deauthorization bill conforming to the consensus bill filed in the U. S. Senate.

* 1990-The present Shanghai Stock Exchange re-opened on November 26 and began operation on December 19.

In 1990-The battalion arrived in Hong Kong where it they were deployed to the Sino-Hong Kong Border and also carried out anti-smuggling operations with the police.

* 1990-The Return of the Sacred Pole.

* 1990-The Cathedral of Magdeburg installs solar cells on the roof, marking the first installation on a church in East Germany.

The discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1965 lent strong support to the Big Bang model, and since the precise measurements of the cosmic microwave background by the Cosmic Background Explorer in the early 1990s, few cosmologists have seriously proposed other theories of the origin and evolution of the cosmos.

Cosmological perturbation theory, which describes the evolution of slight inhomogeneities in the early universe, has allowed cosmologists to precisely calculate the angular power spectrum of the radiation, and it has been measured by the recent satellite experiments ( COBE and WMAP ) and many ground and balloon-based experiments ( such as Degree Angular Scale Interferometer, Cosmic Background Imager, and Boomerang ).

Graph of cosmic microwave background spectrum measured by the FIRAS instrument on the Cosmic Background Explorer | COBE, the most-precisely measured black body spectrum in nature, the standard error of estimation | error bars are too small to be seen even in enlarged image, and it is impossible to distinguish the observed data from the theoretical curve

The most famous experiment is probably the NASA Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) satellite that orbited in 1989 – 1996 and which detected and quantified the large scale anisotropies at the limit of its detection capabilities.

A number of ground-based interferometers provided measurements of the fluctuations with higher accuracy over the next three years, including the Very Small Array, Degree Angular Scale Interferometer ( DASI ), and the Cosmic Background Imager ( CBI ).

The results are broadly consistent with those expected from cosmic inflation as well as various other competing theories, and are available in detail at NASA's data bank for Cosmic Microwave Background ( CMB ) ( see links below ).

After the Big Bang, the universe, for a time, was remarkably homogeneous, as can be observed in the Cosmic Microwave Background or CMB ( the fluctuations of which are less than one part in one hundred thousand ).

* A Bit of Cosmic Background, by Robert Kusner, UMass Math Dept Newsletter 2007.

The most widely pursued possibilities for quantum gravity phenomenology include violations of Lorentz invariance, imprints of quantum gravitational effects in the Cosmic Microwave Background ( in particular its polarization ), and decoherence induced by fluctuations in the space-time foam.

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation ( CMBR ) from outer space, discovered by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, who later won the Nobel Prize for this discovery, is also a form of cosmic noise.

Radio interferometers have also been used to obtain detailed images of the anisotropies and the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background, like the CBI interferometer in 2004.

* 2002 — The Cosmic Background Imager ( CBI ) in Chile obtained images of the cosmic microwave background radiation with the highest angular resolution of 4 arc minutes.

* A. Readhead et al., Polarization observations with the Cosmic Background Imager, Science 306 ( 2004 ), 836-844.

Many astronomical observations, such as those from supernovae and the Cosmic Microwave Background ( CMB ) radiation, show the observable universe to be very close to homogeneous and isotropic and infer it to be accelerating.

About half of the research of the group is in the area of radio astronomy — including research into pulsars, the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, gravitational lenses, active galaxies and astrophysical masers.

The observatory has been involved in the construction of several Cosmic Microwave Background experiments, including the Tenerife Experiment, which ran from the 1980s to 2000, and the amplifiers and cryostats for the Very Small Array.

He has developed data analysis tools based on information theory and applied them to Cosmic Microwave Background experiments such as COBE, QMAP, and WMAP, and to galaxy redshift surveys such as the Las Campanas Redshift Survey, the 2dF Survey and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.

While astronomers are confident of the velocity of the LS, which has been measured against the Cosmic Microwave Background ( CMB ), the nature of what is causing it remains poorly understood.

The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) – also known as the Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( MAP ), and Explorer 80 – is a spacecraft which measures differences in the temperature of the Big Bang's remnant radiant heat – the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation – across the full sky.

The WMAP objective is to measure the temperature differences in the Cosmic Microwave Background ( CMB ) radiation.

The WMAP was preceded by two missions to observe the CMB ; ( i ) the Soviet RELIKT-1 that reported the upper-limit measurements of CMB anisotropies, and ( ii ) the U. S. COBE satellite that reported large-scale CMB fluctuations, and the ground-based and balloon experiments measuring the small-scale fluctuations in patches of sky: the Boomerang, the Cosmic Background Imager, and the Very Small Array.

* Tifft, W. G. Evidence for Quantization and Variable Redshifts in the Cosmic Background Rest Frame.

* Cosmic Background Imager, a telescope located in the Chilean Andes

For example, we can only observe one Cosmic Microwave Background, so the measured positions of the peaks in the Cosmic Microwave Background spectrum, integrated over the visible sky, are limited by the fact that only one spectrum is observable from Earth.

The Explorer 1 payload consisted of the Iowa Cosmic Ray Instrument without a tape data recorder which was not modified in time to make it onto the spacecraft.

In 1995 Eric Lerner published the only proposal based on plasma cosmology to explain the cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMB ) since the Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) results were announced in 1992.

Another of Goddard's space science observatories, the Cosmic Background Explorer, provided unique scientific data about the early universe.

It was one of the three candidates for the first ( L1 ) Cosmic Vision L-class mission but it lost to the Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer ( JUICE ).

# REDIRECT Cosmic Background Explorer

* Spectroscopic All Sky Cosmic Explorer, known as Euclid, a proposed satellite designed to measure the baryon acoustic oscillations

The most famous experiment is probably the NASA Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) satellite that orbited in 1989 – 1996 and which detected and quantified the large scale anisotropies at the limit of its detection capabilities.

* Cosmic Background Explorer

# REDIRECT Cosmic Background Explorer

He made fundamental contributions to many major CMB experiments, including two NASA satellites, the Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ), which was named in his honor after his death due to cancer.

Among the other positions that Figueroa has held are, Lead Cyogenic Engineer for the Cryogenic Optical Assembly of the Cosmic Background Explorer, Manager for the Superfluid Helium On Orbit Transfer Shuttle Experiment, Manager for the Small Explorer Project, Manager for the Explorer Program and Director of the Systems, Technology and Advanced Concepts Directorate.

The 2006 prize was won by John C. Mather and George F. Smoot ( leaders of the Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) satellite experiment ) for " the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMBR ).

COBE ( Cosmic Background Explorer ) provided the first detection of the intrinsic fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background radiation in the 1990s.

* Differential Microwave Radiometer, an instrument on the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite

The Cosmic Background Explorer satellite produces a detailed map of the background radiation remaining from the Big Bang.