: Heschel wrote a series of articles, originally in Hebrew, on the existence of prophecy in Judaism after the destruction of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE.

Saadia Gaon, who translated it into Arabic in the 9th century, ascribed it to the Maccabees themselves, disputed by some, since it gives dates as so many years before the destruction of the second temple in 70 CE.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, hundreds of religious documents dated between 150 BCE and 70 CE were found in caves near the ancient settlement of Qumran, about a mile inland from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea ( presently in the West Bank ).

After the Bible's translation into Greek, the word Diaspora then was used to refer to the population of Jews exiled from Israel in 587 BCE by the Babylonians, and from Judea in 70 CE by the Roman Empire.

The events were described by the Jewish leader / historian Josephus, including the desperate defence of Jotapata, the siege of Jerusalem ( 69 – 70 CE ) and heroic last stand at Masada under Eleazar ben Yair ( 72 – 73 CE ).

** Biblical Hebrew – Attested from 10th century BCE to about 70 CE

The role of the priesthood in Judaism has significantly diminished since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, when priests attended to the Temple and sacrifices.

After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, these sects vanished.

After the fall of Jerusalem to Vespasian's armies in the Great Revolt of Judea in 70 CE, Jericho declined rapidly, and by 100 CE it was but a small Roman garrison town.

Tisha B ' Av is a fast day that commemorates two of the saddest events in Jewish history that both occurred on the ninth of Av — the destruction in 586 BCE of the First Temple, originally built by King Solomon, and destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.

" The language of the prayers, while clearly from the Second Temple period ( 516 BCE – 70 CE ), often employs Biblical idiom.

It was redacted 220 CE by Rabbi Yehudah haNasi when, according to the Talmud, the persecution of the Jews and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions dating from Pharisaic times ( 536 BCE – 70 CE ) would be forgotten.

The end of the Jewish commonwealth in the year 70 CE resulted in an upheaval of Jewish social and legal norms.

The Temple in Jerusalem was the center of the Jewish religion, until its destruction in 70 CE, and all adult men who were able were required to visit and offer sacrifices ( korbanot ), particularly during Passover, Shavuot and Sukkot.

After the destruction of the temple in 70 CE, the Emperor imposed an extra poll tax on Jews throughout the empire, the fiscus judaicus, of two denari each.

In the modern era, adherents of Orthodox Judaism practice Torah reading according to a set procedure they believe has remained unchanged in the two thousand years since the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem ( 70 CE ).

Formal closure of the canon has often been ascribed to Rabbinic Judaism after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.

Heinrich Graetz proposed in 1871 that it was concluded at a Council of Jamnia ( or Yavne in Hebrew ), some time in the period 70 – 90 CE.

This situation changed drastically, however, mainly as the result of the destruction of the Jewish commonwealth and the Second Temple in the year 70 CE and the consequent upheaval of Jewish social and legal norms.

It is not clear why this is, as the laws were not directly applicable in either country following the Temple's 70 CE destruction.

The Zohar is mostly written in what has been described as an exalted, eccentric style of Aramaic, which was the day-to-day language of Israel in the Second Temple period ( 539 BCE – 70 CE ), was the original language of large sections of the biblical books of Daniel and Ezra, and is the main language of the Talmud.

The Temple of Jerusalem was destroyed in 70 CE and so before revealing the Zohar in 1270, Moses De Leon uncovered the manuscripts in a cave in Israel.

* 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, surrounds the Jewish capital, with four Roman legions.

John Robinson in " Redating the New Testament " ( 1976 ) has heavily criticised Charles ' position and accepted apostolic authorship, dating John's Gospel before the Siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD.

A similar story is reported by Flavius Josephus during the siege of Jerusalem by Rome in 70 AD ( see Mary of Bethezuba ), and the population of Numantia during the Roman Siege of Numantia in the 2nd century BC was reduced to cannibalism and suicide.

* 70 – First Jewish – Roman War: Siege of Jerusalem – Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount.

* 70 – Titus and his Roman legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem.

According to his account, he acted as a negotiator with the defenders during the Siege of Jerusalem in 70, in which his parents and first wife died.

* 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, opens a full-scale assault on Jerusalem and attacks the city's Third Wall to the northwest.

* 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem.

Detail from the Arch of Titus showing his triumph held in 71 for his successful Siege of Jerusalem ( 70 ) | Sack of Jerusalem.

The person executed may have been attached to the cross by rope, though nails are mentioned in a passage by the Judean historian Josephus, where he states that at the Siege of Jerusalem ( 70 ), " the soldiers out of rage and hatred, nailed those they caught, one after one way, and another after another, to the crosses, by way of jest.

* The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, A. D. 70 by David Roberts ( 1850 ).

Following the Great Revolt of the Province of Iudaea, the Temple was destroyed by Roman troops under Titus during the Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE.

* Siege of Jerusalem ( 70 )

Roman soldiers from the 10th Legion camped on the Mount during the Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 CE.

Siege of Jerusalem ( 70 ) | Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans ( 1850 painting by David Roberts ( painter ) | David Roberts )

It was constructed in c. 82 AD by the Roman Emperor Domitian shortly after the death of his older brother Titus to commemorate Titus ' victories, including the Siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD.

# Redirect Siege of Jerusalem ( 70 )# Destruction of Jerusalem

Siege of Jerusalem ( 70 ) | Sack of Jerusalem.

Robert Van Voorst states that the scarcity of Jewish references to Jesus is not surprising, given that Jesus was not a prominent issue for the Jews during the first century, and after the devastation caused by the Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70, Jewish scholars were focusing on preserving Judaism itself, rather than paying much attention to Christianity.

# Redirect Siege of Jerusalem ( 70 )# Destruction of Jerusalem

* Siege of Jerusalem ( 70 ) by Titus, ending the major phase of the Great Jewish Revolt.

* Siege of Jerusalem ( poem ), 14th-century Middle English alliterative poem depicting the events of 70 AD.