The 7 Mongol princes were sent by Jani Beg khan to assist Poland.

The title Khagan ( khan of khans or grand khan ) was held by Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire in 1206.

With respect to these outer regions, the Qing maintained imperial control, with the emperor acting as Mongol khan, patron of Tibetan Buddhism and protector of Muslims.

* Abaqa Khan, khan of the Mongol Ilkhanate

** Bars Bolud Jinong, Mongol khan ( b. 1490 )

* 1251 – Möngke Khan is elected as the fourth khan of the Mongol Empire.

* 1265 – February 8 – Hulagu Khan, Mongol khan ( b. 1217 )

* 1266 – Berke, khan of the Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire

* A kurultai is called by Batu Khan in Siberia as part of maneuverings to eventually elect Möngke Khan as khan of the Mongol empire in 1251.

* Volga Bulgaria is conquered by Mongol khan Batu.

* The Mongol Golden Horde, led by khan Talabuga and Nogai Khan, attacks Poland for the third time.

Here the commander of the Golden Horde, as the western section of the Mongol empire was called, fixed his golden headquarters and represented his sovereign the grand khan who lived with the Great Horde in the Orkhon Valley of the Amur.

In the religious sphere, St. Paphnutius of Borovsk was the grandson of a Mongol baskak, or tax collector, while a nephew of khan Bergai of the Golden Horde converted to Christianity and became known as the monk St. Peter Tsarevich of the Horde

The Abbasids ' rule was briefly ended for three years in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol khan, sacked Baghdad, resuming in Mamluk Egypt in 1261, from where they continued to claim authority in religious matters until 1519, when power was formally transferred to the Ottoman Empire and the capital relocated to Constantinople.

At his death, Genghis Khan divided the Mongol Empire amongst his four sons as appanages but the Empire remained united under the supreme khan.

That khan reasserted Mongol rule over parts of what now is Russia and overran Moscow for Dmitry's resistance to Mamai.

* Khanate of Kazan ( the Mongol term khan became active since Genghizide dynasty was settled in Kazan Duchy in 1430s.

In the Mongol tradition, a khan was unable to appoint the successor, instead the successor was elected in the kurultai after the khan's death.

Dayan Khan () ( given name: Batumöngke ; 1464 – 1517 / 1543 ), was a Mongol khan who reunited the Mongols under Chinggisid supremacy in the Northern Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia.

He was honorary leader of the Plain Red Banner during Kangxi's second battle against the Mongol khan Gordhun.

In the 13th century during the reign of the Mongol horde ruler Güyük Khan Christians were allowed to build churches in the strongly Muslim town of Nakhchivan, however the conversion to Islam of Gazan khan brought about a reversal of this favor.

There, Sempad met Great khan Güyük, and made a formal agreement in 1247 in which Cilician Armenia would be considered a vassal state of the Mongol Empire.

He also received a bride from the Mongol khan in order to form a matrimonial alliance, perhaps a relative of the khan himself.

* 1253 – The Mongol Empire launches attacks on the Muslim cities of Baghdad and Cairo.

* The Mongol Empire launches attacks on the Muslim cities of Baghdad and Cairo.

In the Middle Ages, the Mongol Empire's campaign against China ( then comprising the Western Xia Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, and Southern Song Dynasty ) by Genghis Khan until Kublai Khan, who eventually established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, with their armies was extremely effective, allowing the Mongols to sweep through large areas.

* Jochi, eldest son of Genghis Khan, leads a Mongol campaign against the Kyrgyz.

This campaign, part of the Mongol invasion of Europe, was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River ( 1223 ) which resulted in a Mongol victory over forces of several Rus ' principalities.

Batu Khan's full-scale invasion of Rus ' occurred from 1237 to 1240 ; the campaign was ended by a Mongol succession crisis.

The Mongol leader Möngke Khan led a campaign against the Song in 1259, but died on August 11 during the Battle of Fishing Town in Chongqing.

He led a military campaign north and conquered the Yuan Dynasty's capital of Khanbaliq and ended Mongol rule in China.

It is known that the Mongols had no intentions at the time of extending the campaign westward, because they went to the Kingdom of Hungary to help the main Mongol army in the conquest of the country.

The Historia Tatarorum by the Franciscan C. de Bridia Monachi suggests a Mongol force of 10, 000 troops, which would have been reduced to 8, 000 after casualties suffered earlier in the campaign.

After the massacres at Tun in 1256 AD, Hulegu became directly involved in the Mongol campaign to eliminate the Ismaili centres of power.

This campaign is considered to be the last major Mongol invasion of Syria.

The Mongols invaded Tibet in 1240, with a small campaign led by the Mongol general Doorda Darkhan, that consisted of 30, 000 troops resulting in 500 casualties The Mongols withdrew their soldiers from Tibet in 1241, as all the Mongol princes were recalled back to Mongolia in preparation for the appointment of a successor to Ogedai Khan.

Liddell Hart gave details of the Mongol campaign against Khwarezm, underscoring his own philosophy of " the indirect approach ," and highlighting many of the tactics used by Genghis which were to be subsequently included in the Blitzkrieg tactics employed centuries later by Nazi Germany.

Having divided the Blue and White Hordes into the Golden Horde in 1382 Tokhtamysh led a successful campaign against Russia as a punishment for the Kulikovo defeat-setting back, though not ending, the Russian aspiration to free themselves of Mongol rule.

In the major but moderately successful campaign of 1552, two armies took the eastern part of central Hungary, pushing the borders of the Ottoman Empire to the second ( inner ) line of northern végvárs ( border castles ), which Hungary originally built as defence against an expected second Mongol invasion — hence, afterwards, borders on this front changed little.

During his campaign, he managed to reoccupy Sopron and Kőszeg and he compelled the duke to renounce the three counties he had occupied during the Mongol invasion.

Subutai kept his forces in line with the Mongol tradition of dispensing with excess baggage train and ensured his troops could efficiently live off the land and rapidly advance great distances on campaign.

The campaign concluded with Subutai rejoining Genghis Khan as the Mongol army was making its way back home.

It is reported in " Mongol Warrior 1200-1350 " by Stephen Turnbull and Wayne Reynolds available on Google Books that the Mongols ate horse milk powder with water, around 250 grammes a day although an account they quote mentions they took 4. 5 kg along for an expedition, and claims they hunted on campaign, such as digging around for marmots, it also said they ate horse meat ( it is known that the wild Przewalski horses were eaten which contributed to their extinction, but that may have been due to food shortage and was later than the period of the historical Mongols when possibly even these horses were some of them still domestic ), on the other hand they also drank blood from their horses by temporarily opening a vein when in shortage.

Soon after, he proposed a joint Mongol attack on India, but the campaign did not materialize.