Ahmad Shah Durrani ( c. 1722 – 1773 ) ( Pashto /), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( Pashto / Persian: احمد شاه ابدالي ) and born as Ahmad < u > Kh </ u > ān, was the founder of the Durrani Empire ( Afghan Empire ) in 1747 and is regarded by many to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan .</ poem >

In 1973, Mohammed Daoud Khan was brought to power in a coup d ' état against the Afghan King and the Republic of Afghanistan was established.

Afghan ( Pashto / Persian: افغان ; see etymology ) is used to indicate a citizen of Afghanistan.

Nowadays, " Afghan " is usually not used as an ethnic term, but as a national demonym for all citizens of Afghanistan, while " Pashtun "-the native ethnonym of this people-is largely used in a linguistic sense to refer to native speakers of Pashto.

As an adjective, the word Afghan also means " of or relating to Afghanistan or its people, language, or culture ".

While the term " Afghani " is typically used in reference to the unit of Afghan currency, some use the term to indicate a person or thing of, from, or related to Afghanistan, e. g., a citizen of Afghanistan.

Approximate boundaries of Afghan Turkestan ( in orange ), with respect to modern-day provinces of Afghanistan.

Afghan Turkestan is a region in northern Afghanistan, on the border with the former Soviet republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

In 1885, at the moment when the Amir was in conference with the British viceroy, Lord Dufferin, in India, the news came of a skirmish between Russian and Afghan troops at Panjdeh, over a disputed point in the demarcation of the northwestern frontier of Afghanistan.

In the late 1880s many of the Hazara tribes revolted against Abdur Rahman, the first ruler to bring the country of Afghanistan under a centralized Afghan government.

In the agreement, the relations between the British Indian and Afghan governments, as previously arranged, were confirmed ; and an understanding was reached upon the important and difficult subject of the border line of Afghanistan on the east, towards India.

In a book called Hudud-al-Alam, written in 982, it mentions a village near Jalalabad, Afghanistan, where the local king used to have many Hindu, Muslim and Afghan wives.

The Durrani Empire (, also referred to as the Last Afghan Empire ) was founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani with its capital at Kandahar, Afghanistan.

Karmal would remain in exile until December 1979, when the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan ( with the consent of the Afghan government ) to stabilise the situation in the country, they killed Amin, the leader of the PDPA and the Afghan government.

There are over 50 Afghan television channels worldwide, many of which are based inside Afghanistan while others are broadcasted from North America and Europe.

According to the Afghan Ministry of Communications and Information Technology ( MCIT ), the geographical existence of Afghanistan is very valuable to connect all communications to this satellite.

Jimmy Carter had officially ended the policy of Détente, by financially aiding the Mujahideen movement in neighboring Afghanistan, which served as a pretext for the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan six months later, with the aims of supporting the Afghan government, controlled by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.

* 2001 – Burhanuddin Rabbani, political leader of the Afghan Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President Hamid Karzai.

The previous year the British had signed an agreement with the Russians in which the latter agreed to respect the northern boundaries of Afghanistan and to view the territories of the Afghan amir as outside their sphere of influence.

Major General Sir Frederick Roberts led the Kabul Field Force over the Shutargardan Pass into central Afghanistan, defeated the Afghan Army at Char Asiab on 6 October 1879 and occupied Kabul.

Like all foreign policy developments of this period affecting Afghanistan, the conclusion of the " Great Game " between Russia and Britain occurred without the Afghan ruler's participation.

* 1978 – President of Afghanistan, Mohammed Daoud Khan, is overthrown and assassinated in a coup led by pro-communist rebels.

* 1992 – General Abdul Rashid Dostum revolts against President Mohammad Najibullah of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and allies with Ahmed Shah Massoud to capture Kabul.

By 1975, after a failed uprising by the Muslim Youth, President Daoud Khan started to dissociate himself from the Soviet Union and the communist party of Afghanistan.

Burhanuddin Rabbani ( Burhânuddîn Rabbânî ; 20 September 1940 – 20 September 2011 ) was President of the Islamic State of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996.

After the Taliban government was toppled during Operation Enduring Freedom, Rabbani returned to Kabul and served as a temporary President from November to December 20, 2001, when Hamid Karzai was chosen at the Bonn International Conference on Afghanistan.

* 1957 – Hamid Karzai, President of Afghanistan

One mine located in Karkar, Bağlan, Afghanistan sold by the Afghan Government to the Afghan Investment Company despite family ties between Afghanistan's President, Hamid Karzai, and Afghan Investment Company's CEO, Mahmood Karzai was said to be in terrible condition as of November, 2010.

He answers to, and receives guidance from, the President of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai.

There are also military ties between Afghanistan and India, which is expected to increase after the October 2011 strategic pact that was signed by President Karzai and Manmohan Singh.

Daoud abolished the monarchy, abrogated the 1964 constitution, and declared Afghanistan a republic with himself as its first President and Prime Minister.

Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf send more troops against the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan | United Front of Ahmad Shah Massoud than the Afghan Taliban.

President of Afghanistan | Afghan President Hamid Karzai speaking before United States Congress | U. S. Congress in June 2004

At the 2010 International Conference on Afghanistan in London, Afghan President Hamid Karzai said he intends to reach out to the Taliban leadership ( including Mullah Omar, Sirajuddin Haqqani and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar ).

* 2004 – President Hamid Karzai signs the new constitution of Afghanistan.

* 1999 – U. S. President Bill Clinton imposes trade and economic sanctions against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.

* 1909 – Mohammed Daoud Khan, Afghan politician, 1st President of Afghanistan ( d. 1978 )

In December 2001, Kabul became the capital of the Afghan Transitional Administration, which transformed to the present Government of Afghanistan that is led by President Hamid Karzai.

The Mayor of the city is selected by the President of Afghanistan, who engages in planning and environmental work.

Muhammad Yunus Nawandish was appointed as Mayor of Kabul by the President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in January, 2010, and governs a City of an estimated five million in population.

Hamid Karzai appointed as President of the List of Afghan Transitional Administration personnel | Afghan Transitional Administration at the July 13, 2002 Loya Jirga in Kabul, Afghanistan.

The President of Afghanistan is the Commander-in-Chief of the military, acting through the Ministry of Defense that is headed by General Abdul Rahim Wardak.

The rebel groups were fighting to force the Soviet Union to withdraw from Afghanistan as well as to remove the Soviet-backed government of President Mohammad Najibullah.

Mohammad Najibullah Ahmadzai ( 6 August 194727 September 1996 ), better known mononymously as Najibullah or Najib, was President of Afghanistan from 1987 until 1992 when the Mujahideen took over Kabul.