Ahmad Shah Durrani ( c. 1722 – 1773 ) ( Pashto /), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( Pashto / Persian: احمد شاه ابدالي ) and born as Ahmad < u > Kh </ u > ān, was the founder of the Durrani Empire ( Afghan Empire ) in 1747 and is regarded by many to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan .</ poem >

The Durrani Empire encompassed present-day Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan ( around the Panjdeh oasis ), the Kashmir region, the modern state of Pakistan and northwestern India.

The Durrani Empire is considered the foundation of the modern state of Afghanistan, with Ahmad Shah Durrani being credited as " Father of the Nation ".

His Durrani empire was the second largest Islamic empire in the world, behind the Ottoman Empire at that time.

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Mirwais Hotak followed by Ahmad Shah Durrani unified Afghan tribes and founded the last Afghan Empire in the early 18th century.

Maximum extent of the Durrani Empire, also known as the Afghan Empire.

Shuja Shah Durrani | Shah Shuja, the last Durrani Empire | Durrani King, sitting at his court inside the Bala Hissar before it was destroyed by the British Empire | British Army.

He was succeeded by his son, Timur Shah Durrani, who transferred the capital of their Afghan Empire from Kandahar to Kabul.

The Marathas continued their military campaigns against Mughals, Nizam, Nawab of Bengal and Durrani Empire to further extend their boundaries.

They not only lost the outlying territories but also alienated other tribes and lineages among the Durrani Pashtuns.

People who speak Hindko are referred to by some academics as Pathans because of the many Pashtun tribes, for example Shilmani / Sulemani, Mashwanis, Jadoons, Tareen, Tanolis, who settled in places like Hazara, adopted Hindko as their first language and gained political power in these areas during the British rule, and also because of many ethnic Pashtuns such as Kakar, Durrani, Popalzai, Sadozai, Bangash, Khattak, Yousafzai, Ghaznavi and Khogyani, etc.

Kuchis ( from the Persian word koch meaning " migration "), are Afghan Pashtun nomads, primarily from the Ghilzai, Kakar, Lodi, Ahmadzai as well as some Durrani tribes, but occasionally there may also be some Baloch people among them that live a nomadic life travelling between pastoral lands in Afghanistan and in Pakistan.

Later Mohammad Ali Durrani and his niece Sumaira Malik from his party were also inducted into the Federal Cabinet.

But this rule was challenged by locals and later on all Punjabi Muslims who became the allies of Ahmad Shah Durrani were defected because of his atrocities as he slaughtered thousands of Non-Muslims especially Sikhs and also subjugated Punjabi Muslis as well and as a result Durrani empire was ended in 1772 in less than 40 years.

When Ahmad Shah Durrani expanded his kingdom to Punjab, Hazara also came under his control.

When Ahmad Shah Durrani expanded his kingdom to Punjab, Mansehra also came under his control.

During the forays into India by Ahmad Shah Abdali ( also known as Ahmad Shah Durrani, Emir of Afghanistan ) c 1750s – 60s, a contingent of Tareens / Tarins settled in the Hazara region of the North-West Frontier ( now Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa ) came into prominence for the role they played at the Third Battle of Panipat, January 1761, against the Marhatta Confederacy.

Ahmad Shah Durrani and his forces then marched into Lahore in the year 1756 and appointed his eleven-years-old son Timur Shah Durrani as the new viceroy at Lahore, under the protection of the Mughal commander Jahan Khan and also placed Adina Beg as the Faujdar of Doab.

Shuja Shah Durrani ( also known as Shah Shujah, Shoja Shah, Shujah al-Mulk ) ( c. November 4, 1785 – April 5, 1842 ) was ruler of the Durrani Empire from 1803 to 1809.

Durrani are found throughout Afghanistan, although large concentrations are found in the South, they are also found to less extent in East, West and Central Afghanistan.

The literacy rate of the Durrani is the highest among all the Pashtun tribes and are also considered the most liberal of the Pashtun tribes.

According to the British, Durrani and Rohilla cavalry were also present and fought during the battle in various skirmishes.

The characters of Professor Durrani from Khaufnaak Hangaama, and Chimpanzee and The White Queen from Pahaaroan Ki Malikaa, were also borrowed from characters found in English literature.

With the support of various tribal leaders, Ahmad Shah Durrani extended Afghan control from Mashad in the west to Kashmir and Delhi in the east, and from the Amu Darya in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.

By 1751, Ahmad Shah Durrani and his Afghan army conquered the entire present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, Khorasan and Kohistan provinces of Iran, along with Delhi in India.

The city was invaded by Ranjit Singh and his Sikh army in the early 19th century but was quickly chased out a few days later by Afghan forces of Durrani Empire.

After the death of Nader Shah Afsharid in 1747, the city fell to Ahmad Shah Durrani, who added it to his new Afghan Empire.

Ahmad Shah Durrani, who commanded 4, 000 Abdali Afghans under Nader Shah, asserted Pashtun rule in 1747 and further expanded his new Afghan Empire.

Cultural sites include: the National Museum of Afghanistan, notably displaying an impressive statue of Surya excavated at Khair Khana, the ruined Darul Aman Palace, the tomb of Mughal Emperor Babur at Bagh-e Babur, and Chehlstoon Park, the Minar-i-Istiqlal ( Column of Independence ) built in 1919 after the Third Afghan War, the mausoleum of Timur Shah Durrani, and the imposing Id Gah Mosque ( founded 1893 ).

A lithography | lithograph by Emily Eden showing one of the favourite horses of Maharaja Ranjit Singh with the head officer of his stables and his collection of jewels, including the Koh-i-Noor that he extorted from list of monarchs of Afghanistan | Afghan Emir Shuja Shah Durrani.

For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, then the Afghan Durrani Empire that ruled from 1747 until 1820.

Image: Afghan royal soldiers of the Durrani Empire. jpg | An example of a 19th-century lithograph depicting royal Afghan soldiers of the Durrani Empire in Afghanistan.

* October 1747 — A jirga at Kandahar was attended by Afghan representatives who appointed Ahmad Shah Durrani as their new leader.

The current Afghan military originates in 1709 when the Hotaki dynasty was established in Kandahar followed by the Durrani Empire.

When the Durrani Afghan Empire was created by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, his military fought many wars with the Punjab region of Hindustan and Persia during the 18th to the 19th century.

The city and region became part of the Afghan Durrani Empire in around 1750 when after an agreement was signed between Mir Muhammad Murad Beg and Ahmad Shah Durrani Poplezai, the founding father of Afghanistan.

In October 1747 a loya jirga ( grand council ) concluded near the city of Kandahar with Ahmad Shah Durrani being selected as the new leader of the Afghans, thus the Durrani dynasty was founded.

Ahmad Shah's successors governed so ineptly during a period of profound unrest that within fifty years of his death, the Durrani empire per se was at an end, and Afghanistan was embroiled in civil war.

Painda Khan and the chiefs of the Nurzai and the Alizai Durrani clans were executed, as was the chief of the Qizilbash clan.

It was made independent in 1717 from the Safavid dynasty by the Afghans until 1736 when the Hotaki dynasty was defeated by the Afsharids, which finally became part of the Durrani Empire in 1747.

Nader Shah was accompanied by the young Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the modern state of Afghanistan, who would re-conquer the area in 1747 after becoming the new ruler of the Afghans.

Timur Shah died in 1793 and was succeeded by his son Zaman Shah Durrani.

The diamond was traditionally known as Syamantaka-mani and later Madnayak or the " King of Jewels ", before being renamed " Kuh-e nur " in the 18th century by Nader Shah and Ahmad Shah Durrani of Khorasan after their conquest of India.