* Argument ( computer science ), a piece of data provided as input to a subroutine

In a lively exchange over what has come to be referred to as " The Chinese room Argument ", John Searle sought to refute the claim of proponents of what he calls ' Strong Artificial Intelligence ( AI )' that a computer program can be conscious, though he does agree with advocates of " Weak AI " that computer programs can be formatted to " simulate " conscious states.

Superfluity of graphemes ( letters or characters ) is often an issue in spelling reform, which prompts the " Economic Argument "— significant cost savings in the production materials over time — as promulgated by George Bernard Shaw, although in modern times with computer systems changing rapidly and equipped to produce the scripts of a variety of languages this is now a bit far-fetched.

The journal Argument & Computation is dedicated to exploring the intersection between argumentation and computer science.

" The sheer volume of the literature that has grown up around it inspired Pat Hayes to quip that the field of cognitive science ought to be redefined as " the ongoing research program of showing Searle's Chinese Room Argument to be false.

The Transcendental Argument for the Existence of God ( TAG ) is the argument that attempts to prove God's existence by arguing that logic, morals, and science ultimately presuppose a theistic worldview, and that God must be the source of logic and morals.

* Argument ( complex analysis ), a function which returns the polar angle of a complex number

* Argument ( literature ), a brief summary, often in prose, of a poem or section of a poem or other work

* Argument ( linguistics ), a phrase that appears in a syntactic relationship with the verb in a clause

* Argument ( ship ), an Australian sloop wrecked in 1809

There had been pre-formal treatises on argument and dialectic, from authors such as Stephen Toulmin ( The Uses of Argument ), Nicholas Rescher ( Dialectics ), and van Eemeren and Grootendorst ( Pragma-dialectics ).

His eldest son Henry Dodwell the younger ( d. 1784 ) was the author of a pamphlet entitled Christianity not founded on Argument, to which a reply was published by his brother William Dodwell ( 1709 – 1785 ), who was concurrently engaged in a controversy with Conyers Middleton on the subject of miracles.

( 1984 ), " Ibn Sina's Fourth Ontological Argument for God's Existence ", The Muslim World 74 ( 3-4 ), 161 – 171.

* Argument ( complex analysis ), the angular component of a complex number or function

* " Matters for Argument " ( Review of G. Barwick, A Radical Tory ), The Age, 12 August 1995.

* “ One Strand in the Private Language Argument ”, Grazer Philosophische Studien 33 / 34 ( 1989 ), 285-303

* An Argument ... for the Truth of His Religion ( 1758 ), a sermon preached before the king

Argument from authority ( argumentum ad verecundiam ), also authoritative argument and appeal to authority, is a special type of inductive-reasoning argument that usually is presented in the form of a statistical syllogism, which argues the case from the general to the specific.

: Why It's Time to Stop the Stupidest Argument in America ( 2009 ), ISBN 0-312-54147-3 originally titled Stupid Black Men: How to Play the Race Card — and Lose, ISBN 0-312-36733-3.

In The Argument Culture ( 1998 ), Deborah Tannen suggests that the dialogue of Western culture is characterized by a warlike atmosphere in which the winning side has truth ( like a trophy ).

* Bytwerk, Randall L. " The Argument for Genocide in Nazi Propaganda ," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 91 ( 2005 ), 37-62.

* Washington, D. C. International-( 3 )-Sir Ivor ( 1968 ), Karabas ( 1969 ), Argument ( 1980 )

To describe his vision of daily life, Toulmin introduced the concept of argument fields ; in The Uses of Argument ( 1958 ), Toulmin states that some aspects of arguments vary from field to field, and are hence called " field-dependent ," while other aspects of argument are the same throughout all fields, and are hence called " field-invariant.

In The Uses of Argument ( 1958 ), Toulmin proposed a layout containing six interrelated components for analyzing arguments:

To Edmund Law's Enquiry into the Ideas of Space, Time, Immensity, and Eternity ( 1734 ), Waterland contributed an appendix A Dissertation upon the Argument a priori for proving the Existence of a First Cause, in which, with reference to Clarke, he tried to dispose of the ontological argument in the supposed interests of orthodoxy.

His has several famous works including Annotations to Guoyu ( 國語注 ), Argument and Interpretation of Names ( 辯釋名 ).

Finally, one might adduce a variation of the Ontological Argument.

The first argument people attribute to Mackie, often called the Argument from Queerness, holds that moral claims imply motivation internalism ( the doctrine that " It is necessary and a priori that any agent who judges that one of his available actions is morally obligatory will have some ( defeasible ) motivation to perform that action " ).

The other argument often attributed to Mackie, often called the Argument from Disagreement, maintains that any moral claim ( e. g. " Killing babies is wrong ") entails a correspondent " reasons claim " (" one has reason not to kill babies ").

In September, 1791, Irishman Theobald Wolfe Tone published " Argument on Behalf of the Catholics of Ireland " which maintained that religious division was a tool of the elite to ...( balance ) the one party by the other, plunder and laugh at the defeat of both " and put forward the case for unity between Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter.

Argument was heard on the demurrer in Philadelphia's Court of Common Pleas on 27 March, when it was argued that the inventor " could not be made to expose that which no one knew but himself and which was hidden in his own brain ".

Put differently, Descartes concluded cogito ergo sum, " I think, therefore I am ," that is, that the presence of a self of which to speak ( an " I ") proves its existence to oneself ; however, according to his Wax Argument, one could never similarly demonstrate the existence of the " other.

The argument called the Master Argument appears to have been proposed from such principles as these: there is in fact a common contradiction between one another in these three propositions, each two being in contradiction to the third.

* Argument of a function, a specific input in a mathematical function

In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm ( originating from al-Khwārizmī, the famous Persian mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī ) is a step-by-step procedure for calculations.

* Program analysis ( computer science ) – the process of automatically analyzing the behavior of computer programs

* Semantic analysis ( computer science ) – a pass by a compiler that adds semantical information to the parse tree and performs certain checks

* Atomic operation, in computer science

He was highly influential in the development of computer science, giving a formalisation of the concepts of " algorithm " and " computation " with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer.

Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.

Babbage understood that the existence of an automatic computer would kindle interest in the field now known as algorithmic efficiency, writing in his Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, " As soon as an Analytical Engine exists, it will necessarily guide the future course of the science.

In algorithmic information theory ( a subfield of computer science ), the Kolmogorov complexity of an object, such as a piece of text, is a measure of the computational resources needed to specify the object.

Algorithmic information theory is the area of computer science that studies Kolmogorov complexity and other complexity measures on strings ( or other data structures ).

In computer science, an array data structure or simply an array is a data structure consisting of a collection of elements ( values or variables ), each identified by at least one array index or key.

The term is also used, especially in the description of algorithms, to mean associative array or " abstract array ", a theoretical computer science model ( an abstract data type or ADT ) intended to capture the essential properties of arrays.

In computer science, an AVL tree is a self-balancing binary search tree, and it was the first such data structure to be invented.

Category: 1962 in computer science

In computer science, the analysis of algorithms is the determination of the number of resources ( such as time and storage ) necessary to execute them.

Run-time efficiency is a topic of great interest in computer science: A program can take seconds, hours or even years to finish executing, depending on which algorithm it implements ( see also performance analysis, which is the analysis of an algorithm's run-time in practice ).

In computer science, an abstract data type ( ADT ) is a mathematical model for a certain class of data structures that have similar behavior ; or for certain data types of one or more programming languages that have similar semantics.

This cutting-edge technology has a promising potential of leading a new revolution in science as integrated circuits did in computer developments.

* Alternating Turing machine, model of computation used in theoretical computer science

* Program analysis ( computer science )

* Artificial intelligence, a branch of computer science.

* List of open problems in computer science

In a category with exponentials, using the isomorphism ( in computer science, this is called currying ), the Ackermann function may be defined via primitive recursion over higher-order functionals as follows: