Abraham ( Hebrew:, Modern:, Greek: Αβραάμ ( Avraam ), Tiberian:, Ashkenazi: Avrohom or Avruhom,

The Book of Ruth (; Sephardic, Israeli Hebrew: ; Ashkenazi Hebrew: ; Biblical Hebrew: Megilath Ruth " the Scroll of Ruth ") is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible, Tanakh, or Old Testament.

Ashkenazi Hebrew, originating in Central and Eastern Europe, is still widely used in Ashkenazi Jewish religious services and studies in Israel and abroad, particularly in the Haredi and other Orthodox communities.

Many synagogues in the diaspora, even though Ashkenazi by rite and by ethnic composition, have adopted the " Sephardic " pronunciation in deference to Israeli Hebrew.

** Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation used by Jews of Germany

** Yiddish language – a High-German language with Hebrew and Slavic influence, used by Ashkenazi Jews

Hasidic Judaism or Hasidism, from the — () in Sephardi Hebrew, () in Ashkenazi Hebrew and Yiddish, meaning " piety " ( or " loving kindness "), is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that promotes spirituality through the popularisation and internalisation of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspects of the Jewish faith.

Tzitzit ( Hebrew: צ ִ יצי ִ ת ) ( Ashkenazi pronunciation: tzitzis ) are special knotted " fringes " or " tassels " found on the four corners of the tallit ( Hebrew: ט ַ ל ִּ ית ) ( Ashkenazi pronunciation: tallis ), or prayer shawl.

Despite this, the tradition of most Ashkenazi Orthodox synagogues is to use Hebrew ( usually Ashkenazi Hebrew ) for all except a small number of prayers, including the Kaddish, which had always been in Aramaic, and sermons and instructions, for which the local language is used.

Food that may be consumed according to halakha ( Jewish law ) is termed kosher in English, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér (), meaning " fit " ( in this context, fit for consumption ).

The culture came to be called Ashkenazi, deriving its name from Ashkenaz (), the medieval Hebrew name for the territory centred on what is now the westernmost part of Germany.

Ashkenaz is the medieval Hebrew word for " Germany ", and is the umbrella term used to describe several Jewish populations, which used to live in Germania during the Middle Ages and until the modern times used to adhere the " Yiddish-culture " and the " Ashkenazi " prayer style.

Among Ashkenazi Jews it is also considered bad luck to take the name of a living ancestor, as the Angel of Death may mistake the younger person for his namesake ( although there is no such custom among Sephardi Jews ).

An Ashkenazi Jewish tradition speaks of the Lost Tribes as Die Roite Yiddelech, " The little red Jews ", cut off from the rest of Jewry by the legendary river Sambation " whose foaming waters raise high up into the sky a wall of fire and smoke that is impossible to pass through ".

Shlomo Yitzhaki (), or in Latin Salomon Isaacides, and today generally known by the acronym Rashi (, RAbbi SHlomo Itzhaki ; February 22, 1040 – July 13, 1105 ), was a medieval French rabbi and long highly esteemed as a major contribution Ashkenazi Jewry gave to Torah study.

By the early 20th century, the United States had become a major center for folk music from around the world, including polka, Ukrainian and Polish fiddling, Ashkenazi Jewish klezmer and several kinds of Latin music.

Immigrants brought with them the Eastern European polka, Chinese and Japanese music, Ukrainian and Polish fiddling, Scottish and Irish music, Ashkenazi Jewish klezmer, and other styles of Indian, Russian, French, German, Italian, Arab and Latin music.

Ashkenazi orthodox Jews still recite a prayer in memory of the death and destruction caused by the Crusades.

Rashi of Troyes ( d. 1105 ) said less than a century after Gershom's death, " all members of the Ashkenazi diaspora are students of his.

This peaceable arrangement between the Ashkenazim and the Sephardim was due solely to the personal influence of Ashkenazi ; for immediately upon his death the Ashkenazim refused to keep their pledge.

Ashkenazi is also the author of a collection of responsa, which appeared after his death ( Venice, 1595 ).

Until his death at the age of 102, Elyashiv was the paramount leader of both Israel and the Diaspora Lithuanian-Haredi community, and many Ashkenazi Jews regarded him as the posek ha-dor, the contemporary leading authority on halakha, or Jewish law.

From 1937 until his death in 1959, he was Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of the British Mandate of Palestine and of Israel after its independence in 1948.

He was known as " the Sinn Féin Rabbi " He went on to serve as Chief Rabbi of Ireland between 1922 and 1936, when he immigrated to Palestine to succeed Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook as Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi upon his death.

The word is also used by non-Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews, and refers to the anniversary of the day of death of a relative.

These rabbis include: Shlomo Goren ( former Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel ); Chaim David Halevi ( former Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv and Yaffo ); Dov Lior ( Rabbi of Kiryat Arba ); Yosef Elboim ; Yisrael Ariel ; She ' ar Yashuv Cohen ( Chief Rabbi of Haifa ); Yuval Sherlo ( rosh yeshiva of the hesder yeshiva of Petah Tikva ); Meir Kahane.

The term tzniut ( Hebrew: צניעות, tzniut, Sephardi pronunciation, tzeniut ( h ); Ashkenazi pronunciation, tznius, " modesty ", or " privacy ") is used within Judaism and has its greatest influence as a concept within Orthodox Judaism and sometimes within Conservative Judaism.

Zerachya was likewise the author of the following works: Hilkot Sheḥiṭah u-Bediḳah, mentioned in the Sefer ha-Ma ' or at the end of the first chapter on the treatise Ḥullin ; Hassagot ' al Ba ' ale ha-Nefesh, a critique of RABaD's treatise on the laws relating to women, published in part with the Ba ' ale ha-Nefesh ( Venice, 1741 ; Berlin, 1762 ); Dibre Ribot, a controversy with RABaD on civil jurisprudence, mentioned in the Sefer ha-Ma ' or on Baba Meẓi ' a and cited in part by Bezaleel Ashkenazi in his Shiṭṭah Meḳubbeẓet on Baba Meẓi ' a, p. 98a ; Sela ' ha-Maḥaloḳot, mentioned in the Sefer ha-Ma ' or at the end of the first chapter of Shebu ' ot ; Pitḥe Niddah, quoted by the author's grandson in his Bedeḳ ha-Bayit ( vii.

Some differences in Halakha itself are found among Ashkenazi, Mizrahi, Sephardi, and Yemenite Jews, which are reflective of the historic and geographic diversity of various Jewish communities within the Diaspora.

Rema noted that the Shulchan Aruch was based on the Sephardic tradition, and he created a series of glosses to be appended to the text of the Shulkhan Aruch for cases where Sephardi and Ashkenazi customs differed ( based on the works of Yaakov Moelin, Israel Isserlein and Israel Bruna ).

Over a long time, Jews formed distinct ethnic groups in several different geographic areas — amongst others, the Ashkenazi Jews ( of central and Eastern Europe ), the Sephardi Jews ( of Spain, Portugal, and North Africa ), the Beta Israel of Ethiopia, and the Yemenite Jews from the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula.

* Ashkenazic Orthodox Jews have traditionally based most of their practices on the Rema, the gloss on the Shulchan Aruch by Rabbi Moses Isserles, reflecting differences between Ashkenazi and Sephardi custom.

* Rice, often with saffron or raisins – Nearly all Sephardi Jews and many Mizrachi Jews consider rice to be an essential food for the Passover table ; Ashkenazi Jews and Hasidic Jews do not eat rice during Passover as a matter of minhag.

It was immediately accepted as authoritative by all Jewish communities, Ashkenazi and Sephardi alike.

The Ashkenazi rite is more common than the Sephardi rite in America.

Although the Ari himself was born Ashkenazi, he borrowed many elements from Sephardi and other traditions, since he felt that they followed Kabbalah and Halacha more faithfully.

By 1523, a Karaite community, consisting of 10 families, is recorded as living in Hebron, It was from them that, in 1540, Rabbi Malkiel Ashkenazi bought a courtyard ( El Cortijo ) and the house of prayer which he converted to the Sephardi Abraham Avinu Synagogue.

By 1850, the Jewish population consisted of 60 Sephardi families and a 30-year old Ashkenazi community of 50 families.

* Karpas: A vegetable other than bitter herbs, usually parsley but sometimes something such as celery or cooked potato, which is dipped into salt water ( Ashkenazi custom ), vinegar ( Sephardi custom ), or charoset ( older custom, still common amongst Yemenite Jews ) at the beginning of the Seder.

Each participant dips a vegetable into either salt water ( Ashkenazi custom ; said to serve as a reminder of the tears shed by their enslaved ancestors ), vinegar ( Sephardi custom ) or charoset ( older Sephardi custom ; still common among Yemenite Jews ).

Psalms 79: 6-7 is recited in both Ashkenazi and Sephardi traditions, plus Lamentations 3: 66 among Ashkenazim.

These books were written from the standpoint of Sephardi Minhag, other works entitled Shulchan Aruch or Kitzur Shulcan Aruch cited below are written from the standpoint of Ashkenazi Minhag.

By tradition, a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman who marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her children to be Ashkenazi Jews ; conversely an Ashkenazi woman who marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man is expected to take on Sephardic practice and the children inherit a Sephardic identity, though in practice many families compromise.

Accordingly, in the vernacular of modern-day Jews in Israel and worldwide, especially many Ashkenazi Jews, " Sephardi " has become an umbrella term for any Jew who is not Ashkenazi.

In current use, Mizrahi Jews is a convenient way to refer collectively to a wide range of Jewish communities, most of which are as unrelated to each other as they are to either the Sephardi ( in the narrower sense ) or Ashkenazi communities.

The name comes from the land of Knaan, a geo-ethnological term denoting the Jewish populations living east of the Elbe river ( as opposed to the Ashkenazi Jews living to the West of it, or the Sephardi Jews of Iberian Peninsula ).

The term curia may refer to separate electoral colleges in a system of reserved political positions ( reserved seats ), e. g. during the British mandate of Palestine at the third election ( 1931 ) of the Asefat HaNivharim there were three curiae, for the Ashkenazi Jews, the Sephardi Jews and for the Yemeni Jews.