* Assess the safety and effectiveness of an already marketed medication or device for a new indication, i. e. a disease for which the drug is not specifically approved

* Assess whether the new medication or device is more effective for the patient's condition than the already used, standard medication or device (" the gold standard " or " standard therapy ")

While technically falling into the Courseware category ( see above ), Skill evaluation lab is an example for Computer-based assessment software with PPA-2 ( Plan, Prove, Assess ) methodology to create and conduct computer based online examination.

* Concerning Federally Sponsored Inducement Prizes in Engineering and Science Report of the Steering Committee for the Workshop to Assess the Potential for Promoting Technological Advance through Government-Sponsored Prizes and Contests, National Academy of Engineering.

* Gilmore Commission, U. S. Congressional Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction

Cambone was the Staff Director for the Commission to Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization from July 2000 to January 2001.

Before that he was the Staff Director for the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States from January 1998 to July 1998 ; a Senior Fellow in Political-Military Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies ( CSIS ) from 1993 to 1998 ; the Director for Strategic Defense Policy in the Office of the Secretary of Defense from 1990 to 1993 ; the Deputy Director, Strategic Analysis, SRS Technologies ( Washington Operations ) from 1986 to 1990 ; and a Staff Member in the Office of the Director, Los Alamos National Laboratory from 1982 to 1986.

# Assess the risk involved in integrating data for new applications, including the challenges of joins

The Personnel Evaluation Standards: How to Assess Systems for Evaluating Educators.

Further evidence of sex-based disparities in radiation-induced cancers was published in the 2006 report by the National Research Council ’ s Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation ( known as the BEIR VII report ), which found that women ’ s risk due to radiation exposure exceeded men ’ s by 37. 5 percent.

Commonly reported fetal abnormalities include hypotension, renal dysplasia, anuria / oliguria, oligohydramnios, intrauterine growth retardation, pulmonary hypoplasia, patent ductus arteriosus, and incomplete ossification of the skull.

Also help to stimulate the growth of the fetal gonads.

The most dramatic fetal development occurs in the last 3 months of pregnancy when 60 % of fetal growth occurs.

Macrobiotic diets have not been tested in women who are pregnant or breast-feeding, and some versions may not include enough of certain nutrients for normal fetal growth.

Symphysis-fundal height ( SFH ; in cm ) should equal gestational age after 20 weeks of gestation, and the fetal growth should be plotted on a curve during the antenatal visits.

IUGR is used to describe a pattern of intrauterine fetal growth that deviates from expected norms, whereas SGA is a category assigned based on birth weight.

The effect is attributed to reduced placental development causing reduced fetal growth.

Although early reduction of placental development is not accompanied by concurrent reduction of fetal growth ; it tends to limit fetal growth later in gestation.

Normally, ovine placental mass increases until about day 70 of gestation, but high demand on the placenta for fetal growth occurs later.

Category: Disorders related to length of gestation and fetal growth

Chronic exposure to phenytoin during pregnancy has been suggested to present a risk of acquiring the fetal hydantoin syndrome which is manifested by intrauterine growth restriction and microcephaly.

The fetus may already have been compromised by intrauterine growth retardation, and with the toxemic changes during eclampsia may suffer fetal distress.

Animal studies indicate that the mother's ( and possibly the father's ) diet, vitamin intake, and glucose levels prior to ovulation and conception have long-term effects on fetal growth and adolescent and adult disease.

Increased incidences of fetal structural abnormalities and other manifestations of developmental toxicity ( embryolethality, growth retardation ) were observed in the offspring of animals ( rats and rabbits ) treated with either oxcarbazepine or its active 10-hydroxy metabolite ( MHD ) during pregnancy at doses similar to the maximum recommended human dose.

* Biparietal Diameter, a fetal measurement on dating and growth monitoring.

Alcohol crosses the placental barrier and can stunt fetal growth or weight, create distinctive facial stigmata, damage neurons and brain structures, which can result in psychological or behavioral problems, and cause other physical damage.

A study of pregnancies in eight European countries found that consuming no more than one drink per day did not appear to have any effect on fetal growth.

Severe prenatal deficiency of GH, as occurs in congenital hypopituitarism, has little effect on fetal growth.

Teratogens are substances or environmental agents which cause the development of abnormal cell masses during fetal growth, resulting in physical defects in the fetus.

The outer cells become the trophectoderm or trophoblast, which will form in combination with maternal uterine endometrial tissue the placenta, needed for fetal nurturing via maternal blood, while inner cells become the inner cell mass that will form all fetal organs ( the bridge between these two parts eventually forms the umbilical cord ).

This means that the oxygen binding curve for fetal hemoglobin is left-shifted ( i. e., a higher percentage of hemoglobin has oxygen bound to it at lower oxygen tension ), in comparison to that of adult hemoglobin.

While IGF-2 may be primarily fetal in action it is also essential for development and function of organs such as the brain, liver and kidney.

P. prolifica is considered to be highly matrotrophic, and almost all of the nutrients and materials needed for fetal development are supplied to the oocyte after it has been fertilized.

In 2008, the AIUM published a 130-page report titled " American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine Consensus Report on Potential Bioeffects of Diagnostic Ultrasound " stating that there are indeed some potential risks to administering ultrasound tests, which include " postnatal thermal effects, fetal thermal effects, postnatal mechanical effects, fetal mechanical effects, and bioeffects considerations for ultrasound contrast agents.

Sonography is used routinely in obstetric appointments during pregnancy, but the FDA discourages its use for non-medical purposes such as fetal keepsake videos and photos, even though it is the same technology used in hospitals.

* Check for fetal movement and heartbeat.

* Michael R. Harrison – developed the initial techniques for fetal surgery and performed the first fetal surgery in 1981, and then went on to establish the UCSF Fetal Treatment Center, which was the first of its kind in the United States.

In 1588, however, the pope issued the papal bull, " Effraenatam " ( Without Restraint ), which declared that the canonical penalty of excommunication would be levied for any form of contraception and for abortions at any stage in fetal development.

Semmelweis, despite ridicule and opposition, introduced compulsory handwashing for everyone entering the maternal wards and was rewarded with a plunge in maternal and fetal deaths, however the Royal Society in the UK still dismissed his advice.

Recent research has demonstrated that intrapartum asphyxia is not the most important cause, probably accounting for no more than 10 percent of all cases ; rather, infections in the mother, even infections that are not easily detected, may triple the risk of the child developing the disorder, mainly as the result of the toxicity to the fetal brain of cytokines that are produced as part of the inflammatory response.

One explanation for these differences is the idea that differential exposure to hormone levels in the womb during fetal development may change the masculinization of the brain in homosexual men.

The newer integrated screen ( formerly called F. A. S. T. E. R for First And Second Trimester Early Results ) can be done at 10 plus weeks to 13 plus weeks with an ultrasound of the fetal neck ( thick skin is bad ) and two chemicals ( analytes ) Papp-a and bhcg ( pregnancy hormone level itself ).

Ultrasound is also used for detecting congenital anomalies ( or other fetal anomalies ) and determining the biophysical profiles ( BPP ), which are generally easier to detect in the second trimester when the fetal structures are larger and more developed.

* Fetal hematocrit for the assessment of fetal anemia, Rh isoimmunization, or hydrops can be determined by percutaneous umbilical blood sampling ( PUBS ) which is done by placing a needle through the abdomen into the uterus and taking a portion of the umbilical cord.

* Nonstress test ( NST ) for fetal heart rate

The clay may also provide critical calcium for fetal development ( Vermeer ).

Although vitamin A is necessary for fetal development, most women carry stores of vitamin A in their fat cells, so oversupplementation should be strictly avoided.