In the mid-6th century, the Byzantine historian Agathias of Myrina records, in the context of the wars of the Goths and Franks against Byzantium, that the Alemanni fighting among the troops of Frankish king Theudebald were like the Franks in all respects except religion, since

While the Byzantine troops were assembling for the expedition, Alexios was approached by the Doukas faction at court, who convinced him to join a conspiracy against Nikephoros III.

A 6th-century Byzantine scholar, Zosimus also described the total massacre of Decius ' troops and the fall of the pagan emperor:

Armoured cavalry such as the Byzantine cataphract were used as shock troops — they would charge the main body of the enemy and, in many cases, their actions decided the outcome of the battle, hence the later term " battle cavalry ".

Guaimar I of Salerno fought the Saracens with Byzantine troops.

* 969 – Byzantine troops occupy Antioch Syria.

Once the city of Bursa was captured, Orhan sent cavalry troops towards Bosphorus, capturing Byzantine coastal towns of Marmara.

The Byzantine forces were routed by Orhan's disciplined troops.

Later Roman and Byzantine armies also made use of these troops.

* 1043: the Byzantine General George Maniaces, who had served in Sicily back in 1038, was proclaimed emperor by his troops while he was catepan of Italy ; he led an unsuccessful rebellion against Constantine IX Monomachos and was killed in battle in Macedonia during his march towards Constantinople.

* Spring – At the Battle of Scalas Veteres in Africa, Byzantine troops under Germanus, crush a large-scale mutiny.

The defenders, although unsupported by Byzantine troops, repel the Persian assaults for three months before they are finally beaten.

* August 15 – Byzantine Emperor Leo III the Isaurian and Khan Tervel of Bulgaria force the troops of the Umayyad Caliphate to abandon the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople ( 717 – 718 ), preventing a major Arab incursion into the Byzantine Empire.

* The Battle of Ravenna is fought between the troops of Byzantine Emperor Leo III the Isaurian, and a force of Italians, raised by Pope Gregory II in defence of image worship, which Leo had outlawed.

* September / October – Umayyad troops sack the Byzantine fortress of Charsianon

The overconfident Byzantine troops, under Constantine Gongyles, are defeated in a surprise attack by the Arabs and flee.

This state was established by Alexios Comnenus and his brother, David, in the northeastern – Pontic – provinces of the crumbling Byzantine Empire with the aid of Georgian troops.

* The troops of the Fourth Crusade reach the Byzantine heartland:

* August 24 – the Byzantine city of Thessalonica is sacked by the Norman Sicilian troops.

When the wedding arrangements were settled, Vladimir dispatched 6, 000 troops to the Byzantine Empire and they helped to put down the revolt.

* The Byzantine offensive against the Muslim troops starts anew in Cilicia, Mesopotamia and Armenia.

He also took advantage of the difficulties in the Byzantine military, coming to the aid of Narses, a Byzantine general who refused to acknowledge the new Emperor's authority and who was besieged by troops loyal to Phocas in Edessa.

When the council had concluded, the decrees were sent to Rome where they were confirmed by Agatho's successor, Pope Leo II The subsequent Byzantine tradition came to interpret the decrees in line with the teaching of Maximus the Confessor, which brilliantly combined a recognition ( shared with the monotheletes ) that all Christ's individual actions were directed by his divine will with an insistence that his human will nevertheless possessed true spontaneity, in virtue of its intrinsic drive ( as created ) to obey its Creator.

Early in John's reign the Turks were pressing forward against the Byzantine frontier in western Asia Minor, and he was determined to drive them back.

In 1721, as part of his drive to both westernize the Russian Empire and assert the monarchy's claim that it was the successor to the Byzantine emperors, Peter the Great imported the Latin word directly into Russian and styled himself imperator ( Императоръ ).

An initial Byzantine drive to reconquer the entire peninsula failed in the battles of Prinitza and Makryplagi, and the Byzantines and Franks settled to an uneasy coexistence.

* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter ( Enkyklikon ) to the bishops of his empire, supporting the Monophysite christological position.

At the time of the Arab conquest of the Rashidun, the region had been inhabited mainly by local Aramaic-speaking Monophysite Christian peasants ( like the Mardaites and Byzantine Christians or Melchites ), Ghassanid and Nabatean Arabs, as well as minorities of Jews, Samaritans and Ismaelite Itureans.

The Byzantine clients, the Arab Ghassanids, converted to the Monophysite form of Christianity, which was regarded as heretical by the established Byzantine Orthodox Church.

The Armenians thereby joined the Coptic, Ethiopian and Syrian churches in the Monophysite movement, whereas the Byzantine / Orthodox Church ( Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox etc.

Byzantine Emperor Justinian ( 527 – 565 ) persecuted the Monophysite churches and the Armenians found themselves speaking on behalf of the Syriac, Coptic and Ethiopian churches, a leadership role the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem still assumes.

In contrast to his Byzantine overlords, Harith was a staunch Monophysite and rejected the Council of Chalcedon.

The first is the earliest Christian Byzantine monastic chronicle, composed in the Antioch in the 6th century by a hellenized Syrian and Monophysite theologian.

It has often been assumed that Theodore's family belonged to the iconodule party during the first period of Byzantine Iconoclasm.

Huge amounts were bet on chariot races, and initially four teams took part in these races, each one financially sponsored and supported by a different political party ( Deme ) within the Roman / Byzantine Senate: The Blues ( Venetoi ), the Greens ( Prasinoi ), the Reds ( Rousioi ) and the Whites ( Leukoi ).

In the Middle Ages it was a Byzantine and Lombard possession, and then, it was under bishops of Luni, turning itself into an autonomous commune in the early 13th century ; during the struggle between Guelphs and Ghibellines, Carrara usually belonged to the latter party.

While there, they take service with the leader of the Rus, Dobrynya, and with him travel south to Kiev, and then on with a raiding party into the northern reaches of the Byzantine Empire.

The Byzantine Empire dispatched an official party to try to convert the kingdoms to Chalcedonian Christianity, but Empress Theodora reportedly conspired to delay the party to allow a group of Monophysites to arrive first.

Some scholars speculate that he was a champion of the peace party like his discredited predecessor, and that he may have likewise fled to the Byzantine Empire.

At this point, a third party entered the war between these two: the Byzantine Empire.

In response to a call for aid from Alexius, the First Crusade assembled at Constantinople in 1096, but declining to put itself under Byzantine command set out for Jerusalem on its own account.

This concept became a key element of the meaning of " emperor " in the Byzantine and Orthodox east, but went out of favor with in the west with the rise of Roman Catholicism.

In the Byzantine Empire, a province under the name of Macedonia was carved out of the original Theme of Thrace, which was well east of the Struma River.

The Christian Byzantine author Eutychius claimed that the Jews of Nazareth helped the Persians carry out their slaughter of the Christians.

Belisarius moves out to meet the Vandals, he leads the Byzantine cavalry ( 5, 000 men ) into battle.

* A rebellion breaks out against William II of Sicily, and the Byzantine Empire, encouraged by Pope Adrian IV, invades Apulia.

* Armenia: Large-scale Armenian rebellion against Muslim rule breaks out with Byzantine support.

* September-October: The Byzantine civil war of 1341 – 1347 between John VI Kantakouzenos and the regency for the infant John V Palaiologos breaks out.

* 1281 – Pope Martin IV authorizes the Ninth Crusade against the newly re-established Byzantine Empire in Constantinople ; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year.

Thessaloniki passed out of Byzantine hands in 1204, when Constantinople was captured by the forces of the Fourth Crusade and incorporated the city and its surrounding territories in the Kingdom of Thessalonica — which then became the largest vassal of the Latin Empire.

* Pope Martin IV authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established Byzantine Empire in Constantinople ; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year.

According to Byzantine chronicles, on his abdication he achieved some degree of anecdotal fame by crying out the verse from Ecclesiastes, ' Vanity of vanities, all is vanity ' during Justinian's triumph in Contstantinople .< ref > Edward Gibbon,

It is also worth mentioning that another castle, Angelokastro ( Greek: Αγγελόκαστρο meaning Angelo's Castle and named for its Byzantine owner Angelos Komnenos ), situated on the northwest coast near Palaiokastritsa ( Greek: Παλαιοκαστρίτσα meaning Old Castle place ) and located on particularly steep and rocky terrain, a tourist attraction today, also held out.

Peter Wagner's Neumenkunde ( 1905 ) volume set out the various musical signs of all the most ancient notational styles historically and paleographically, including Jewish and Byzantine neumes, while providing a number of facsimile illustrations, giving rhythmically proportional values for the musical signs along with a few examples of proportional interpretations of certain chants in modern Western European notation.

In the Early Middle Ages, through barbarian movements, the waning of the Byzantine Empire influence in the western Mediterranean and the Saracen raids, the island fell out of the sphere of influence of any higher government.

The Serbs, as Slavs in the vicinity of the Byzantine Empire, lived in so-called Sklavinia (" Slav lands "), territories initially out of Byzantine control and independent.

In 610, the Sassanid Empire drove the Byzantine Empire out of the Middle East, giving the Jews control of Jerusalem for the first time in centuries.

It is also said that about AD 550, Christian monks smuggled silkworms, in a hollow stick, out of China and sold the secret to the Byzantine Empire.

In this capacity he was supposed to participate in the Byzantine operations against Bulgaria on the Danube in 917, but he was unable to carry out his mission.

The rescue operation was carried out with success in c. 836, and the peace between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire was quickly restored.

Then however Maniakes fell out with his Lombard allies, while his Norman mercenaries, unhappy with their pay, abandoned the Byzantine general and raised a revolt on the Italian mainland, resulting in the temporary loss of Bari.

Gradually, the city dropped out of existence during the Byzantine and Coptic periods.

This traditional dating has been challenged by some historians, who point out that it is inconsistent with such other sources as the Schechter Letter, which mentions the activities of certain khagan HLGW of Rus ' as late the 940s, during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Romanus I.