In 1936, Césaire began work on his long poem " Cahier d ' un retour au pays natal ", a vivid and powerful depiction of the ambiguities of Caribbean life and culture in the New World and this upon returning home to Martinique.

" Aimé Césaire also quoted Frobenius as praising African people as being " civilized to the marrow of their bones ", as opposed to the degrading vision encouraged by colonial propaganda.

* La Tragédie du Roi Christophe ( 1963 ), a play written by Martinican Aimé Césaire.

** Aimé Césaire, une traversée paradoxale du siècle, essay, 1993

In 1931, the Martiniquan Aimé Césaire moved to Paris to attend the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, the École Normale Supérieure, and finally the Sorbonne.

While in Paris, Césaire met Léopold Senghor, then a poet but later Senegal's first President.

In Paris, Césaire, who in 1935 passed an entrance exam for the École normale supérieure, created, with Léopold Sédar Senghor and Léon Damas, the literary review L ' Étudiant Noir ( The Black Student ).

The term négritude ( which most closely means " blackness " in English ) then was first used in 1935 by Aimé Césaire, in the 3rd issue of L ' Étudiant noir, a magazine which he had started in Paris with fellow students Léopold Senghor and Léon Damas, as well as Gilbert Gratiant, Leonard Sainville, and Paulette Nardal.

Neither Césaire — who after returning to Martinique after his studies in Paris was elected both Mayor of Fort de France, the capital, and a representative of Martinique in France's Parliament — nor Senghor in Senegal envisaged political independence from France.

It was held for writers Victor Hugo ( 1885 ), Maurice Barrès ( 1923 ), Paul Valéry ( 1945 ), Colette ( 1954 ) et Aimé Césaire ( 2008 ), Generals Leclerc ( 1947 ), Giraud ( 1949 ) et de Lattre de Tassigny ( 1952 ) and politicians Georges Coulon ( 1912 ), Albert Lebrun ( 1951 ), Léon Blum ( 1951 ) et Édouard Herriot ( 1957 ) An even higher honour is burial in the Panthéon de Paris.

By 1992 Palcy veered away from the serious subject matters of her previous films to show the spirit and liveliness of her native Martinique with Simeon ( 1992 ), a musical comedic fairytale set in the Caribbean and Paris and the three-part documentary Aimé Césaire, A Voice For History ( 1994 ) about the famed Martinique poet, playwright and philosopher.

Césaire had met Léon Damas there ; later in Paris they would join with Léopold Senghor, a poet and the future first president of Senegal, to formulate and promote the concept of negritude.

In 1945, Aimé Césaire succeeded in getting elected Mayor of Fort de France and Deputy from Martinique to the French National Assembly as a member of the Communist Party.

* Fort de France island ( Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport )

Like many left intellectuals in France, Césaire looked in the 1930s and 1940s toward the Soviet Union as a source of human progress, virtue, and human rights, but Césaire later grew disillusioned with Communism.

in France in the 1930s by a group that included the future Senegalese President Léopold Sédar Senghor, Martinican poet Aimé Césaire, and the Guianan Léon Damas.

* Aimé Césaire ( Martinique, France )

In 2011, on April 6, Euzhan Palcy directed “ Le Film Hommage ” that introduced “ France National Tribute to Aimé Césaire at the Pantheon ” with the keynote speech of French President Nicolas Sarkozy in front of an audience 1 000 dignitaries.

* 1913 – Aimé Césaire, French poet, author, and politician ( d. 2008 )

Aimé Fernand David Césaire ( 26 June 1913 – 17 April 2008 ) was a French poet, author and politician from Martinique.

Martinique's main and only Airport is Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport.

It has two airports, the main one being Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport at Le Lamentin.

Biko can thus be seen as a follower of Fanon and Aimé Césaire, in contrast to more multi-racialist ANC leaders such as Nelson Mandela after his imprisonment at Robben Island, and Albert Luthuli who were first disciples of Gandhi.

The journal Tropiques, featuring the work of Cesaire along with Suzanne Césaire, René Ménil, Lucie Thésée, Aristide Maugée and others, was first published in 1941.

** Aimé Césaire, French Martinican poet and politician ( d. 2008 )

* Aimé Césaire, Une Saison au Congo ( 1966 ); Eng.

Breton got to know Martinican writer Aimé Césaire, and later composed the introduction to the 1947 edition of Césaire's Cahier d ' un retour au pays natal.

Voted by the UMP majority, it was charged with advocating historical revisionism, and after long debates and international opposition ( from Abdelaziz Bouteflika or Aimé Césaire, founder of the Négritude movement ), was repealed by Jacques Chirac himself.

Fanon's family was socio-economically middle-class and they could afford the fees for the Lycée Schoelcher, then the most prestigious high school in Martinique, where the writer Aimé Césaire was one of his teachers.

While there, he worked for the parliamentary campaign of his friend and mentor Aimé Césaire, who would be a major influence in his life.

Although Fanon never professed to be a communist, Césaire ran on the communist ticket as a parliamentary delegate from Martinique to the first National Assembly of the Fourth Republic.

Aimé Césaire was a particularly significant influence in Fanon's life.

Césaire, a leader of the Négritude movement, was teacher and mentor to Fanon on the island of Martinique .. Fanon referred to Césaire's writings in his own work.

*" Èṣù ": in the play A Tempest ( 1969 ), by Aimé Césaire of Martinique, Èṣù is the virile trickster who comes to sing defiant songs laden with sexual innuendo and add humor to this highly political rewriting of Shakespeare's classic play, The Tempest.

With Aimé Césaire and Léon Damas, Senghor created the concept of Négritude, an important intellectual movement that sought to assert and to valorize what they believed to be distinctive African characteristics, values, and aesthetics.

Césaire, Senghor, and Léon Damas, with whom Césaire had gone to school in Martinique at the Lycée Schoelcher, together formulated the concept of négritude, defined as an affirmation of pride in being black, and promoted it as a movement.

Aimé Césaire, Senghor, Damas, and others, founded L ' Etudiant, a Black student review.

Aimé Césaire returned to Martinique.

Césaire went on to remain mayor for 56 years.

* Selected modern painters or sculptors: Pierre Alechinsky, Aloïse Corbaz, Braulio Arenas, Arman, Jean Arp, Enrico Baj, Ben, A Benquet, Alexandre Boileau, Bona Pieyre de Mandiargue, Micheline Bounoure, André Bourdil, Francis Bouvet, Victor Brauner, Elisa Breton, Jorge Caceres, Jacques Callot, Jorge Camacho, Paul Colinet, Pierre Courthion, Fleury-Joseph Crépin, Salvador Dalí, André Demonchy, Ferdinand Desnos, Deyema, Óscar Domínguez, Enrico Donati, Mirabelle Dors, Marcel Duchamp, Baudet Dulary, René Duvilliers, Yves Elléouët, Nusch Eluard, Paul Éluard, Colette Enard, Jimmy Ernst, Max Ernst, Henri Espinoza, Fahr el Nissa Zeid, Jean Fautrier, Luis Fernandez, Charles Filiger, Alexandre Evariste, Johann Henrich Füssli, Paul Gauguin, Alberto Gironella, Arshile Gorky, Max Walter Svanberg, Eugenio Granell, Henri de Groux, Jacques Hérold, René Iché, Wifredo Lam, René Magritte, Joan Miró, Pablo Picasso, Man Ray, Diego Rivera, Yves Tanguy, Adolf Wölfli, etc.

Manolo gave Lam the letter of introduction that sparked his friendship with Picasso, whose artwork had impressed and inspired Lam a year before when he saw an exhibition in Madrid.

Picasso quickly became a big supporter of Lam, introducing him to many of the leading artists of the time, such as Fernand Léger, Henri Matisse, Georges Braque and Joan Miró.

Picasso also introduced him to Pierre Loeb, a Parisian art dealer ; Loeb gave Lam his first exhibition at the Galerie Pierre Loeb in 1939, which received an enthusiastic response from critics.

Picasso and Lam also exhibited their work together at the Perls Galleries in New York in the same year.

Mainly working with gouache, Lam began producing stylized figures that appear to be influenced by Picasso.

While Lam began simplifying his forms before he came into contact with Picasso's work, it is apparent that Picasso had a significant impact on him.

" Lam gained the approval of Picasso, whose encouragement has been said to have led Lam to search for his own interpretation of modernism.

*" Drawings by Picasso and Gouaches by Wifredo Lam.

One of the most famous of these is the Chinese-Afro-Cuban artist Wifredo Lam, known as the Cuban Picasso.