For his involvement, Catiline was accused of killing his former brother-in-law Marcus Marius Gratidianus, carrying this man ’ s severed head through the streets of Rome and then having Sulla add him to the proscription to make it legal.

In 63 BC, Servilia contributed to a scandalous incident during a debate in the Senate over the execution or imprisonment of the Catiline conspirators, when someone handed Caesar a letter and it turned out that it was a love letter from her, after her half-brother Cato, who was on the opposing side in the debate and horrified by the ongoing, had accused Caesar of corresponding with the conspirators and demanded the letter to be read aloud.

He accused one political opponent, Catiline, of murdering one wife to make room for another.

Catiline may have still believed that Antonius Hybrida was conspiring with him, which may have been true as Antonius Hybrida claimed to be ill on the day of the battle.

Julius Caesar leaned considerably toward Epicureanism and rejected the idea of an afterlife, which e. g. led to his plea against the death sentence during the trial against Catiline, where he spoke out against the Stoic Cato.

In order to free his client of implication in the First Catilinian Conspiracy, he places the blame solely on Catiline who, conveniently, had waged war against the Republic in the previous months.

In these, his first appearance is in the Trial of Rabirius, but this is placed rather later in the political year than it is usually stated as having been, orchestrated by Caesar as a reaction to Cicero's decision to have several Catiline conspirators executed without trial while the " Senatus Consultum Ultimum " is in force-rather than as a prior warning against such an action before the decree was even in place.

And he had assisted Cicero against Catiline.

* Tiberius Claudius Nero, served under Pompey during the war against the pirates, in 67 BC ; he is probably the same man who recommended that the conspirators of Catiline be held until the plot was suppressed, and the facts were known.

Latin literature was not only studied but imitated at that time but also supplied the inspiration for numerous writings ( such as the satires of Juvenal, and the speeches of Cicero against Verres and Catiline ).

Since the Allobrogian delegation was in Rome seeking relief from the oppression of their Roman governor, one of the Catiline conspirators, Lentulus Sura instructed Publius Umbrenus, a businessman with dealings in Gaul, to offer to free them of their miseries to throw off the heavy yoke of their governor — if they would join the Catiline conspiracy against Rome.

The first report of the usage of tironian notes is by Plutarch who notes that in 63 BC it was used to record Cato's denunciation against Catiline:

At the age of 13, he was learning the classics and was already interpreting Telemachus, Terence, Sallust, the orations against Catiline by Cicero, Lucian, and the New Testament in Greek.

This resulted in two of his most original operas being consigned to his desk drawer, namely Cublai, gran kan de ' Tartari ( Kublai Grand Kahn of Tartary ) a satire on the autocracy and court intrigues at the court of the Russian Czarina, Catherine the Great, and Catilina ( Cataline ) a semi-comic-semi-tragic account of the Catiline conspiracy that attempted to overthrow the Roman republic during the consulship of Cicero.

Cicero Denouncing Catiline by Cesare Maccari. One of several political conflicts in the Roman Republic during this century

* Catiline, attempted to overthrow Roman Republic

Lucius Sergius Catilina ( 108 BC – 62 BC ), known in English as Catiline, was a Roman politician of the 1st century BC who is best known for the Catiline ( or Catilinarian ) conspiracy, an attempt to overthrow the Roman Republic, and in particular the power of the aristocratic Senate.

Nevertheless, Catiline was defeated by Cicero and Antonius Hybrida in the consular election, largely because the Roman aristocracy feared Catiline and his economic plan.

Sallust wrote an account of the conspiracy that epitomized Catiline as representative of all of the evils festering in the declining Roman republic.

Without doubt Catiline possessed a degree of courage that few have, and he died a particularly honorable death in Roman society.

Unlike most Roman generals of the late republic, Catiline offered himself to his followers both as a general and as soldier on the front lines.

* The Roman Traitor or the Days of Cicero, Cato and Catiline: A True Tale of the Republic by Henry William Herbert originally published in 1853 in two volumes.

Cicero attacks Catiline in the Roman Senate | Senate of the Roman Republic.

* January 5 – The forces of the conspirator Catiline are defeated by the loyal Roman armies of Antonius Hybrida led by Gaius Antonius in the Battle of Pistoria.

The Catiline Orations or Catilinarian Orations were speeches given in 63 BC by Marcus Tullius Cicero, the consul of Rome, exposing to the Roman Senate the plot of Lucius Sergius Catilina and his allies to overthrow the Roman government.

Sallust's time as governor of Africa Nova ought to have let the author develop a solid geographical and ethnographical background to the war ; however, this is not evident in the monograph despite a diversion on the subject because Sallust's priority in the Jugurthine War, as with the Catiline Conspiracy, is to use history as a vehicle for his judgement on the slow destruction of Roman morality and politics.

Pistoria ( in Latin other possible spellings are Pistorium or Pistoriae ) was centre of Gallic, Ligurian and Etruscan settlements before becoming a Roman colony in the 6th century BC, along the important road Via Cassia: in 62 BC the demagogue Catiline and his fellow conspirators were slain nearby.

This tremendous increase of power was accompanied by economic instability and social unrest, leading to the Catiline conspiracy, the Social War and the First Triumvirate, and finally the transformation to the Roman Empire in the latter half of the 1st century BC.

As curule aedile, Spinther assisted Cicero in the suppression of the Catiline conspiracy, and in that office he also distinguished himself by the splendour of the games he provided ( though the royal purple stripe he used on his toga is said to have offended many Romans to whom purple was connected with royalty and therefore anathema to a good Roman.

The Roman historian Sallust wrote a monograph, Bellum Jugurthinum, on the Jugurthine War emphasising this decline of Roman ethics and placed it, along with his work on the Conspiracy of Catiline, in the timeline of the degeneration of Rome that began with the Fall of Carthage and ended with that of the Republic.

* II: The Catiline Conspiracy ( 63 – 62 BC ) — Decius uncovers Catiline's plot to overthrow the Republic.

Publius Autronius Paetus was a politician of the late Roman Republic who was involved in the conspiracy of Catiline.

In 73 BC, he was brought to trial for adultery with the Vestal Virgin, Fabia, who was a half-sister of Cicero's wife, Terentia, but Quintus Lutatius Catulus, the principal leader of the Optimates, testified in his favor, and eventually Catiline was acquitted.

Supposedly, Catiline, incensed because he was not allowed to stand for the consulship, conspired with Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso and the former consuls-designate to slaughter many of the senators and the new consuls the day they assumed office.

Another leading conspirator, Lucius Cassius Longinus who was praetor in 66 BC with Cicero, joined the conspiracy after he failed to obtain the consulship in 64 BC along with Catiline.

Promoting his policy of debt relief, Catiline initially also rallied many of the poor to his banner along with a large portion of Sulla ’ s veterans.

Supposedly, Catiline violently concluded that he would put out his own fire with the general destruction of all.

While Catiline was preparing the army, the conspirators continued with their plans.

Inevitably, Catiline was forced to fight when Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer with three legions in the north blocked his escape.

Catiline also hoped that perhaps he would have an easier time battling Antonius who, he assumed, would fight less determinedly, as he had once been allied with Catiline.

When the corpses were counted, all Catiline ’ s soldiers were found with frontal wounds, and his corpse was found far in front of his own lines.

After Catiline ’ s death, many of the poor still regarded him with respect and did not view him as the traitor and villain that Cicero claimed he was.

Catiline spoke with an eloquence that demanded loyalty from his followers and strengthened the resolve of his friends.

Still other scholarly texts, such as H E Gould and J L Whietely's Macmillan edition of Cicero's In Catilinam, dismiss Catiline as a slightly deranged revolutionary, concerned more with the cancellation of his own debts, accrued in running for so many consulships, and in achieving the status he believed his by birthright due to his family name.

Here serious drama and politics were blended with high and low comedy ; the plot centered on a love affair between Catiline and a daughter of Cicero as well as the historic political situation.

* Robert Harris ' book Imperium, based on Cicero's letters, covers the developing career of Cicero with many references to his increasing interactions with Catiline.

The sequel, Lustrum ( issued in the United States as Conspirata ), deals with the five years surrounding the Catiline Conspiracy.

Catiline, in turn, conspired with some of his minions to murder Cicero and the key men of the Senate on the day of the election.

In this speech, Cicero informed the citizens of Rome that Catiline had left the city, not in exile ( as it was rumored ), but to join with his illegal army.

Meanwhile, Catiline joined up with Gaius Manlius, commander of the rebel force.

Antonius Hybrida ( Cicero's fellow consul ), with troops loyal to Rome, followed Catiline while Cicero remained at home to guard the city.

Sallust's account of the Catiline conspiracy ( De coniuratione Catilinae or Bellum Catilinae ) and of the Jugurthine War ( Bellum Iugurthinum ) have come down to us complete, together with fragments of his larger and most important work ( Historiae ), a history of Rome from 78 to 67 BC, intended as a continuation of Cornelius Sisenna's work.