* 63 BC – Cicero gave the fourth and final Catiline Orations.

Much to his surprise, Catiline was in attendance while Cicero denounced him before the Senate ; however, the senators adjacent to Catiline slowly moved away from him during the course of the speech, the first of Cicero's four Catiline Orations.

# REDIRECT Catiline Orations

Then, Cicero had the incriminating letters read before the Senate the following day, in the first of his Catiline Orations.

After the fall of Perón, his health regained, but still feeling himself a bit of a voice crying in the desert, he embarked on a series of writings he called his " catilinarias " ( after Cicero's Catiline Orations ), a series of acerbic writings directed at the Argentine elite, both in government and among the intellectuals, predicting that Argentina faced a century of " Pre-Peronism, Peronism, and Post-Peronism.

# REDIRECT Catiline Orations

Cicero came to his former teacher's defense at his trial in 62 BC, only months after delivering the famous Catiline Orations.

Lucius Sergius Catilina ( 108 BC – 62 BC ), known in English as Catiline, was a Roman politician of the 1st century BC who is best known for the Catiline ( or Catilinarian ) conspiracy, an attempt to overthrow the Roman Republic, and in particular the power of the aristocratic Senate.

When the corpses were counted, all Catiline ’ s soldiers were found with frontal wounds, and his corpse was found far in front of his own lines.

Here serious drama and politics were blended with high and low comedy ; the plot centered on a love affair between Catiline and a daughter of Cicero as well as the historic political situation.

Pistoria ( in Latin other possible spellings are Pistorium or Pistoriae ) was centre of Gallic, Ligurian and Etruscan settlements before becoming a Roman colony in the 6th century BC, along the important road Via Cassia: in 62 BC the demagogue Catiline and his fellow conspirators were slain nearby.

* Tiberius Claudius Nero, served under Pompey during the war against the pirates, in 67 BC ; he is probably the same man who recommended that the conspirators of Catiline be held until the plot was suppressed, and the facts were known.

Among the pictures of his last years were the admired Battlepiece and Saul and the Witch of Endor ( latter perhaps his final work ) now in the Musée du Louvre, painted in 40 days, full of longdrawn carnage, with ships burning in the offing ; Pythagoras and the Fishermen ; and the Oath of Catiline ( Palazzo Pitti ).

In 63 BC, certain co-conspirators of Catiline, including Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, were held briefly in the Tullianum and executed there for their alleged plot to overthrow the government.

Autronius conspired with Catiline to murder the new consuls, but the plot collapsed when Catiline gave the signal before all the conpirators were assembled.

In 63 BC, letters from the conspirators of the Catiline conspiracy were intercepted here allowing Cicero to read them to the Roman Senate the next day.

Records like these are quite distinct from the rhetorical speeches often inserted by ancient historians – it was accepted practice for the writer to invent these himself – and on the few occasions when historians ( such as Sallust in his work on Catiline or Suetonius in his Twelve Caesars ) include such documents, they have generally been regarded as genuine ; but almost all those found in the Historia Augusta have been rejected as fabrications, partly on stylistic grounds, partly because they refer to military titles or points of administrative organisation which are otherwise unrecorded until long after the purported date, or for other suspicious content.

Latin literature was not only studied but imitated at that time but also supplied the inspiration for numerous writings ( such as the satires of Juvenal, and the speeches of Cicero against Verres and Catiline ).

As it pertains to Catiline, much of the information originates in Cicero ’ s speech In Toga Candida which was given during his election campaign in 64 BC.

During 64 BC, Catiline was officially accepted as a candidate in the consular election for 63 BC.

* 63 BC – Catiline Conspiracy

* Catiline accused of conspiring against the Roman Republic with Autronius and the younger Sulla ( also in 63 during the consulship of Cicero ).

In 63 BC, Cicero delivered his famous speech denouncing the companions of the conspirator Catiline at the Forum ( in the Temple of Concord, whose spacious hall was sometimes used as a meeting place by the Senators ).

The Conspiracy of Catiline ( Sallust's first published work ) contains the history of the memorable year 63.

* Marcus Claudius Marcellus, one of the conspirators of Catiline in 63 BC ; on the discovery of the plot, he attempted to instigate an insurrection amongst the Paeligni, but was defeated by the praetor, Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, and put to death.

In 63 BC, Servilia contributed to a scandalous incident during a debate in the Senate over the execution or imprisonment of the Catiline conspirators, when someone handed Caesar a letter and it turned out that it was a love letter from her, after her half-brother Cato, who was on the opposing side in the debate and horrified by the ongoing, had accused Caesar of corresponding with the conspirators and demanded the letter to be read aloud.

In 63 BC, he was elected tribune of the plebs for the following year, and assisted the consul, Marcus Tullius Cicero, in dealing with the Catiline conspiracy.

* Catiline Conspiracy ( 63 – 62 BC ), between the Senate and the dissatisfied followers of Catiline-Senatorial victory.

Publius Cornelius Lentulus, nicknamed Sura, ( d. December 5, 63 BC ) was one of the chief figures in the Catiline conspiracy and also a stepfather of Mark Antony.

Lentulus was compelled to abdicate his praetorship, and, as it was feared that there might be an attempt to rescue him, he was put to death in the Tullianum on December 5, 63 BC, along with other senatorial supporters of Catiline.

The Allobroges additionally played a rather important part in deciding to foil the second Catiline Conspiracy of 63 BC, an attempt to foment civil war throughout Italy and simultaneously burn down Rome.

* 63 BC: Believing in a prediction of the books that ' three Cornelii ' would dominate Rome, Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura took part in the conspiracy of Catiline ( Plutarch, Life of Cicero, XVII )

After Julia ’ s first husband died in 74 BC, she married Publius Cornelius Lentulus ( Sura ), a politician, who in 63 BC, was involved in the Catiline conspiracy and was executed on the orders of Cicero.

In 63 BC, Caelius turned his back on Cicero to support Catiline, who was running for consulship.

The first report of the usage of tironian notes is by Plutarch who notes that in 63 BC it was used to record Cato's denunciation against Catiline:

* II: The Catiline Conspiracy ( 63 – 62 BC ) — Decius uncovers Catiline's plot to overthrow the Republic.

It was first passed during the fall from power of Gaius Gracchus in 121 BC, and subsequently at several other points, including during Lepidus ' march on Rome in 77 BC, the Conspiracy of Catiline in 63, and when Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49.

This came to a head in 63, when Marcus Tullius Cicero had men charged with complicity in the Conspiracy of Catiline, including the former consul Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, executed without a trial.

Catiline was born in 108 BC to one of the oldest patrician families in Rome, gens Sergia.

In 73 BC, he was brought to trial for adultery with the Vestal Virgin, Fabia, who was a half-sister of Cicero's wife, Terentia, but Quintus Lutatius Catulus, the principal leader of the Optimates, testified in his favor, and eventually Catiline was acquitted.

Even one of the consuls for 65 BC, Lucius Manlius Torquatus, demonstrated his support for Catiline.

However, by the time of the consular election for 62 BC, Catiline had lost much of the political support he had enjoyed during the previous year's election.

Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, the most influential conspirator after Catiline, had held the rank of consul in 71 BC, but he had been cast out of the senate by the censors during a political purge in the following year on the pretext of debauchery.

Another leading conspirator, Lucius Cassius Longinus who was praetor in 66 BC with Cicero, joined the conspiracy after he failed to obtain the consulship in 64 BC along with Catiline.

Sallust's account of the Catiline conspiracy ( De coniuratione Catilinae or Bellum Catilinae ) and of the Jugurthine War ( Bellum Iugurthinum ) have come down to us complete, together with fragments of his larger and most important work ( Historiae ), a history of Rome from 78 to 67 BC, intended as a continuation of Cornelius Sisenna's work.