He then followed the fortunes of his friend Elector Maurice of Saxony, deserted Charles, and joined the league which proposed to overthrow the Emperor by an alliance with King Henry II of France.

* 1661 – King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland is crowned in Westminster Abbey.

King Charles II, who founded the Royal Observatory Greenwich in 1675 instructed the first Astronomer Royal John Flamsteed, ".

In addition to James II himself ( who died a few months after the act received the royal assent ) and his Catholic children Prince James and Princess Louisa, the act also excluded the descendents of James ' sister Henrietta, the youngest daughter of Charles I. Henrietta's daughter Anne was then the Queen of Sardinia and a Catholic ; the Jacobite heirs of today are descended from her line.

His fellow Knights of the Garter created in 1867 were Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond, Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland, Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Franz Joseph I of Austria and Alexander II of Russia.

Abhorrers, the name given in 1679 to the persons who expressed their abhorrence at the action of those who had signed petitions urging King Charles II of England to assemble Parliament.

Archduke Charles of Austria, Duke of Teschen (, also known as Karl von Österreich-Teschen ) ( Full name: Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz of Austria ) ( 5 September 1771 – 30 April 1847 ) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third son of emperor Leopold II and his wife Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain.

In 1806 Francis II ( now Francis I of Austria ) named the Archduke Charles, already a field marshal, as Commander in Chief of the Austrian army and Head of the Council of War.

An early professed empiricist, Thomas Hobbes, known as an eccentric denizen of the court of Charles II of England ( an " old bear "), published in 1651 Leviathan, a political treatise written during the English civil war, containing an early manifesto in English of rationalism.

On the death of Louis II in 1417 it reverted to Savoy, and, although Count René again retook the area for Provence in 1471, it had returned to Savoyard dominance by the start of the 16th century, by which point the County of Provence had become united with the Kingdom of France due to the death of Count Charles V in 1481.

The Liberal Party grew out of the Whigs, which had its origins as an aristocratic faction in the reign of Charles II.

On Halgaver Moor ( Goats ' Moor ) near Bodmin there was once an annual carnival in July which was on one occasion attended by King Charles II.

Napoleon's son Napoleon François Charles Joseph ( 1811 – 1832 ) was created king of Rome ( 1811 – 1814 ) and was later styled Napoleon II by loyalists of the dynasty, though he only ruled for two weeks after his father's abdication.

#* Napoléon ( II ) François Joseph Charles Bonaparte ( 1811 – 1832 ) Napoléon II, son of Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria of the Habsburg dynasty

#* Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte ( 1822 – 1891 ), called Plon-Plon married Princess Marie Clothilde of Savoy daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

On the death of Charles II his brother, a Roman Catholic, became James II.

Charles II of England was concerned by the unregulated copying of books and passed the Licensing of the Press Act 1662 by Act of Parliament, which established a register of licensed books and required a copy to be deposited with the Stationers ' Company, essentially continuing the licensing of material that had long been in effect.

* Charles V of Naples ( 1661 – 1700 ), better known as Charles II of Spain

** Charles II ( 1285 – 1309 )

** Charles II ( 1349 – 1387 )

** Charles II ( 1385 – 1386 )

Arnulf, having distinguished himself in the war against the Slavs was elected by the nobles of the realm ( only the eastern realm, though Charles had ruled the whole of the Frankish lands ) and assumed his title of King of East Francia.

Charles Martel () ( 23 August 686 – 22 October 741 ), also known as Charles the Hammer, was a Frankish military and political leader, who served as Mayor of the Palace under the Merovingian kings and ruled de facto during an interregnum ( 737 – 43 ) at the end of his life, using the title Duke and Prince of the Franks.

Eventually, however, under Charles V and then Philip II, the Burgundian Netherlands became part of the Habsburg empire ruled from Spain.

( Sicily was at that time ruled by his younger brother, Charles of Anjou, and the French army returned to France through the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily.

Two monarchs have ruled simultaneously in some countries, as in the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta or the joint sovereignty of spouses or relatives ( e. g., William and Mary of Kingdom of England and Scotland, Peter and Ivan of Russia, Charles and Joanna of Castile, etc.

Mary's uncle was King Charles II, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland ; her maternal grandfather, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, served for a lengthy period as Charles's chief advisor.

Oliver Cromwell set up a republic called the Commonwealth of England ( 1649 – 1660 ) and ruled as a near dictator after the overthrow of King Charles I. James Harrington was then a leading philosopher of republicanism.

King Charles I used the Court of Star Chamber as Parliamentary substitute during the eleven years of Personal Rule, when he ruled without a Parliament.

In the resulting case, Entick v. Carrington ( 1765 ), Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden ruled that the search and seizure was unlawful as the warrant authorized the seizure of all of Entick's papers, not just the criminal ones and the warrant lacked probable cause to even justify the search.

In 1556, Charles V abdicated in favour of his son Philip II and his brother Ferdinand I. Charles's Italian possessions, including Milan, passed to Philip II and the Spanish line of Habsburgs, while Ferdinand's Austrian line of Habsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire.

Having outlived his father Philip, Charles succeeded Maximilian as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, and thus ruled both the Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish Empire simultaneously.

Finally, by 1714, the Spanish ceased to rule Naples as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession ; it was the Austrian Charles VI who ruled from Vienna, similarly, with viceroys.

It is believed to have been introduced into France from Italy during the reign of King Charles VIII ( ruled 1483 – 98 ), and it is similar to Faro and Basset.

Her father's brother was King Charles II, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, and her mother was the daughter of Lord Chancellor Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon.

Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681, and ruled alone until his death on 6 February 1685.

His parents were King Charles I, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, and Queen Henrietta Maria, the sister of King Louis XIII of France.

Despite the Stuart family connections through Henrietta Maria and the Princess of Orange, France and the Dutch Republic allied themselves with Cromwell's government from 1654, forcing Charles to turn for aid to Spain, which at that time ruled the Southern Netherlands.

During this chaotic period, Provence was ruled by Frankish kings of Merovingian dynasty, then Carolingian Kings, descended from Charles Martel ; and then was part of the empire of Charlemagne ( 742 – 814 ).

The war started when an alliance of Denmark – Norway, Saxony and Russia declared war on the Swedish Empire, launching a threefold attack at Swedish Holstein-Gottorp, Swedish Livonia, and Swedish Ingria, sensing an opportunity as Sweden was ruled by the young Charles XII, who was eighteen years old and inexperienced at the time.

Warwick invaded England at the head of a Lancastrian army, and in October 1470 forced Edward to seek refuge in Burgundy, then ruled by the king's brother-in-law Charles the Bold.

Subsequently, Guelders was ruled by Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, husband of Charles the Bold's daughter and heir, Mary.

Soon, Charles Albert, the King of Sardinia ( who ruled Piedmont and Savoy ), urged by the Venetians and Milanese to aid their cause, decided this was the moment to unify Italy and declared war on Austria.

Charles III of Savoy ( October 10, 1486 – 17 August 1553 ), often called Charles the Good, was Duke of Savoy from 1504 to 1553, although most of his lands were ruled by the French between 1536 and his death.