Chemical affinity can also refer to the tendency of an atom or compound to combine by chemical reaction with atoms or compounds of unlike composition.

With the writings of Théophile de Donder as precedent, Ilya Prigogine and Defay in Chemical Thermodynamics ( 1954 ) defined chemical affinity in terms of the uncompensated heat of reaction Q the reaction progress variable or reaction extent ξ ; as the ratio of their infinitesimal increments:

" Chemical affinity ", historically, refers to the " force " that causes chemical reactions.

According to chemistry historian Henry Leicester, the influential 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Reactions by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall led to the replacement of the term " affinity " by the term " free energy " in much of the English-speaking world.

According to chemistry historian Henry Leicester, the influential 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall led to the replacement of the term “ affinity ” by the term “ free energy ” in much of the English-speaking world.

* Chemical affinity

Chemical synthesis of affinity tags has been crucial to the maturation of quantitative proteomics.

# REDIRECT Chemical affinity

The words, with some variations, are used in the track Jerusalem on Bruce Dickinson's album The Chemical Wedding, which also includes lines from book two of Milton.

* Chemical compounds, combinations of two or more elements

The atoms in the structure are colour coded by Chemical element | element and the detailed structure of two base pairs are shown in the bottom right. The structure of part of a DNA double helix

Imperial Chemical Industries ( ICI ) was a British chemical company, taken over by a number of chemical companies, including Huntsman Corporation, a United States-based company, and AkzoNobel, a Dutch conglomerate, two of the largest chemical producers in the world.

Chemical resemblances between the two metals include the formation of a nitride by reaction with N < sub > 2 </ sub >, the formation of an oxide () and peroxide () when burnt in O < sub > 2 </ sub >, salts with similar solubilities, and thermal instability of the carbonates and nitrides.

* In 1888, Friedrich Reinitzer ( 1858 – 1927 ) discovered the liquid crystalline nature of cholesterol extracted from carrots ( that is, two melting points and generation of colors ) and published his findings at a meeting of the Vienna Chemical Society on May 3, 1888 ( F. Reinitzer: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Cholesterins, Monatshefte für Chemie ( Wien ) 9, 421 – 441 ( 1888 )).

Reinitzer perceived that color changes in a derivative cholesteryl benzoate were not the most peculiar feature. Chemical structure of Cholesteryl benzoate molecule He found that cholesteryl benzoate does not melt in the same manner as other compounds, but has two melting points.

The first half of the 20th century saw the publication of two influential textbooks that soon came to be regarded as founding documents of chemical thermodynamics, both of which used and extended Gibbs's work in that field: these were Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Processes ( 1923 ), by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs ( 1933 ), by Edward A. Guggenheim.

The University of Manchester has a hall of residence called Dalton Hall ; it also established two Dalton Chemical Scholarships, two Dalton Mathematical Scholarships, and a Dalton Prize for Natural History.

* The Carnegie Institute of Technology includes seven engineering departments: Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Engineering and Public Policy, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, and two institutes, the Information Networking Institute and the Institute for Complex Engineered Systems.

The largest individual employers in the county are two subsidiaries of Waste Management Inc., Chemical Waste Management of the Northwest and Oregon Waste Systems, Inc., who run two regional waste disposal landfills.

When it began it was composed of two companies, the Chemical and Hose Company and the Independent Hook and Ladder Company.

A link between one of the college science lecturers and Imperial Chemical Industries ( ICI ) led to 17 students joining ICI between the two World Wars, some, such as John Rose, reaching senior levels in the company.

The band made their live comeback in March 2011, while headlining a South American tour with This Is a Standoff, and then supporting My Chemical Romance on two dates in the US in April.

( Kizette had married a man named Harold Foxhall, who was then chief geologist for the Dow Chemical Company ; they had two daughters.

In 1855, he was a commissioner of the Exposition Universelle, and two years later became President of the Chemical Society, finally returning to Edinburgh University in 1858 as Professor of Chemistry there.

The product was developed by Rank Hovis McDougall and Imperial Chemical Industries, and launched commercially as the Quorn brand as a joint venture of the two companies under the operating name of Marlow Foods.

Chemical pulping can be characterized by two main methods: sulfate ( Kraft process ) pulping and sulfite pulping, and these two methods have different benefits.

Chemical diagram of pancuronium, with red lines indicating the two acetylcholine " molecules " in the structure

* Chemical Amusement, a Series of Curious and Instructive Experiments in Chemistry Which Are Easily Performed and Unattended by Danger, London 1817, Second edition 1817, Third edition 1818, fourth reprint 1819 ; German Chemische Unterhaltungen: eine Sammlung merkwürdiger und lehrreicher Erzeugnisse der Erfahrungschemie, Kopenhagen 1819, entitled Chemische Belustigungen Nürnberg 1824 ; second American edition based on the third English edition with additions by Thomas Cooper, Philadelphia 1818 ; French translation by V. Riffault Manual de Chimie Amusante ; ou nouvelles recreations chimiques, contenant une suite d ’ experiences d ’ une execution facile et sans danger, ainsi qu ’ un grand nombre de faits curieux et instructifs, 1827, Second edition 1829 later reprinted by A. D. Vergnaud, final and sixth reprinting Paris 1854 ; two volume Italian translation Divertimento chimico contenente esperienze curiose, Milan 1820, second expanded edition by Pozzi La Chimica dilettevole o serie di sperienze curiose e instruttive di chimica chi si esequiscono con facilità e sicurezza, Milan 1854

At the end of and first year after World War II the Academy consisted of eight divisions ( Physico-Mathematical Science, Chemical Sciences, Geological-Geographical Sciences, Biological Science, Technical Science, History and Philosophy, Economics and Law, Literature and Languages ); three committees ( one for coordinating the scientific work of the Academies of the Republics, one for scientific and technical propaganda, and one for editorial and publications ), two commissions ( for publishing popular scientific literature, and for museums and archives ), a laboratory for scientific photography and cinematography and Academy of Science Press departments external to the divisions ; 7 filials ( Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Urals, and West Siberian ), and 8 independent of central Academies in Ukraine, Belorussia, Armenia, Georgia, Lithuania, Uzbekistan, Latvia, and Estonia.

Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with physical science ( e. g., chemistry and physics ), and life sciences ( e. g., biology, microbiology and biochemistry ) with mathematics and economics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms.

Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change, and they yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants.

Even in 2010, more than forty years after the U. S. ban, California condors which feed on sea lions at Big Sur which in turn feed in the Palos Verdes Shelf area of the Montrose Chemical Superfund site seemed to be having continued thin-shell problems.

Chemical exothermic reactions are generally more spontaneous than their counterparts, endothermic reactions.

Wright, who had worked with The Chemical Brothers in the past as a member of the visual company Vegetable Vision, stated that he was " very excited to finally ... work with a more modern beat.

Chemical measures of lipid concentration have long been the most-used clinical measurement, not because they have the best correlation with individual outcome, but because these lab methods are less expensive and more widely available.

Chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule form because they make the situation more stable for the involved atoms, which generally means the sum energy level for the involved atoms in the molecule is lower than if the atoms were not so bonded.

Around the mid-1990s, with the success of the big beat-sound exemplified by The Chemical Brothers and The Prodigy in the UK, and spurred by the attention from mainstream artists, including Madonna in her collaboration with William Orbit on her album Ray of Light and Australian singer Dannii Minogue with her 1997 album Girl, music of this period began to be produced with a higher budget, increased technical quality, and with more layers than most other forms of dance music, since it was backed by major record labels and MTV as the " next big thing ".

Chemical Waste Management is the largest company in the hazardous waste industry, as it serves to more than 10 million residential customers and 1 million businesses.

Two industrial villages developed to supplement the agricultural economy, with such businesses as the Rumford Chemical Works, but what had been the industrial area of the town in the late 18th and early 19th century was lost when East Providence was incorporated in 1862 taking half of the town's territory, two-thirds of its valuation and more than two-thirds of its population.

This is because in the future it may be the consensus view that depleted uranium projectiles breaches one or more of the following treaties: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ; the Charter of the United Nations ; the Genocide Convention ; the United Nations Convention Against Torture ; the Geneva Conventions including Protocol I ; the Convention on Conventional Weapons of 1980 ; the Chemical Weapons Convention ; and the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material.

Chemical weapons were used extensively, with more than 100, 000 Iranian soldiers as victims of Saddam Hussein's chemical weapons during the eight-year war with Iraq, Iran today is the world's second-most afflicted country by weapons of mass destruction, only after Japan.

In a more sophisticated version of this experiment ( Chemical Force Microscopy ) the tips are covalently functionalized with the molecules of interest.

Chemical parameters tend to pose more of a chronic health risk through buildup of heavy metals although some components like nitrates / nitrites and arsenic can have a more immediate impact.

The stoichiometric coefficients ( the numbers in front of the chemical formulas ) result from the law of conservation of mass and the law of conservation of charge ( see " Balancing Chemical Equation " section below for more information ).

As an example, the company Panda Chemical Manufacturers, Inc. may use the more friendly name Panda Pharmaceuticals when it holds itself out to the public.

Additionally, venture capital units within Chemical Bank and Continental Illinois National Bank, among others, began shifting their focus from funding early stage companies toward investments in more mature companies.

J & J White ’ s Chemical Works ( later ACC Chrome & Chemicals ) in Shawfield, which was in existence from 1820 to 1967, produced more than 70 % of the UK ’ s Chromate products including chromic acid, chromic oxide pigment, sodium and potassium chromate and dichromate.

* Chemical synthesis, the execution of chemical reactions to form a more complex molecule from chemical precursors

Although at that time there was an American science society ( American Association for the Advancement of Science ), the growth of chemistry prompted those assembled, including William H. Nichols, under the direction of Professor Charles F. Chandler of the Columbia School of Mines, to found the American Chemical Society, which would focus more directly on theoretical and applied chemistry.

Chemical structures may be written in more compact forms, particularly when showing organic molecules.

Other artists who have collaborated with Gondry on more than one occasion include Daft Punk, The White Stripes, The Chemical Brothers, The Vines, Steriogram, Radiohead, and Beck.