* Chemical affinity, the willingness of two or more elements or compounds to form a chemical or attractive bond of some type

With the writings of Théophile de Donder as precedent, Ilya Prigogine and Defay in Chemical Thermodynamics ( 1954 ) defined chemical affinity in terms of the uncompensated heat of reaction Q the reaction progress variable or reaction extent ξ ; as the ratio of their infinitesimal increments:

" Chemical affinity ", historically, refers to the " force " that causes chemical reactions.

According to chemistry historian Henry Leicester, the influential 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Reactions by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall led to the replacement of the term " affinity " by the term " free energy " in much of the English-speaking world.

According to chemistry historian Henry Leicester, the influential 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall led to the replacement of the term “ affinity ” by the term “ free energy ” in much of the English-speaking world.

* Chemical affinity

Chemical synthesis of affinity tags has been crucial to the maturation of quantitative proteomics.

# REDIRECT Chemical affinity

Chemical rockets store a large amount of energy in an easily released form, and can be very dangerous.

Chemical analogs of nucleotides can take the place of proper nucleotides and establish non-canonical base-pairing, leading to errors ( mostly point mutations ) in DNA replication and DNA transcription.

The US military has specialized units, which can respond to a bioterrorism event ; among them are the US Marine Corp's Chemical Biological Incident Response Force and the U. S. Army's 20th Support Command ( CBRNE ), which can detect, identify, and neutralize threats, and decontaminate victims exposed to bioterror agents.

Chemical kinetics experiments can then be carried out in a " pump-probe " fashion using a laser to initiate the reaction ( for example by preparing one of the reagents by photolysis of a precursor ), followed by observation of that same species ( for example by laser-induced fluorescence ) after a known time delay.

A prominent case can be seen in the Love Canal Homeowner ’ s association ( LCHA ); in this case a housing development was built on a site that had been used for toxic dumping by the Hooker Chemical Company.

Chemical stimulation can also induce seizures ; repeated exposures to some pesticides have been shown to induce seizures in both humans and animals.

Chemical vapor deposition can place a film of a ceramic on another material.

Chemical rockets store a large amount of energy in an easily released form, and can be very dangerous.

Chemical irritation can also trigger sinusitis, commonly from cigarette smoke and chlorine fumes.

Chemical injuries ( particularly alkali burns ) are medical emergencies, as they can lead to severe scarring and intraocular damage.

Today, members of the group maintain export controls on a uniform list of 54 compounds, including several that are not prohibited for export under the Chemical Weapons Convention, but can be used in the manufacture of chemical weapons.

:* Chemical signatures, particularly Mg / Ca ratio of calcite in Foraminifera tests, can be used to reconstruct past temperature.

Chemical agents can come into contact with the skin through direct contact with contaminated surfaces, deposition of aerosols, immersion or splashes.

Most dermatologic pharmacology can be categorized based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, specifically the ATC code D.

Although created to facilitate communications among local police, firemen and EMT workers who immediately response to possible accidents or terrorist attacks on the Umatilla Chemical Depot, where the U. S. Army maintained a national arsenal of nerve gas, the network can be accessed in some places by the public for free.

The Russian Federation, as a member-state of the Chemical Weapons Convention, undertook " never and under no circumstances to carry out any activities prohibited to member-states of this Convention " to develop, to accumulate, to stockpile and to use chemical weapons that can cause death, temporary incapacitation, or permanent harm to humans or animals.

Chemical properties can be contrasted with physical properties, which can be discerned without changing the substance's structure.

Chemical properties can be used for building chemical classifications.

Some of the chemists associated with Rothamsted can be found by searching on Rothamsted on the Biographical Database of the British Chemical Community, 1880-1970.

Other examples can be found in: Toby J. Sommer, " Chemical Squonks ", Chemical Innovation, 2000, 30 ( April 2000 ), 24-32.

Chemical preservatives can be used to prevent oxidative spoilage, but the moisture to protein ratio prevents microbial spoilage by low water activity.

The words, with some variations, are used in the track Jerusalem on Bruce Dickinson's album The Chemical Wedding, which also includes lines from book two of Milton.

Chemical warfare also emerged with the use of poisonous gas during World War I.

Chemical elements may also be categorized by their origin on Earth, with the first 98 considered to be naturally occurring, while those with atomic numbers beyond 98 have only been produced artificially as the synthetic products of man-made nuclear reactions.

Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions and the spontaneity of processes.

Many laboratories used a two-step method: Chemical precipitation of lipoproteins containing apoprotein B, then calculating HDL associated cholesterol as the cholesterol remaining in the supernate, and there are also direct methods.

The pamphlet on the Eucharist was also reprinted at Toulouse, in 1835, under the title of Quatre Lettres sur la Trans-substantiation, and appeared in an English translation, by John W. Hamersley, as the Chemical Change in the Eucharist, 1867.

It also operates missions to the United Nations in New York City and Geneva, the European Council, and non-member representation to the European Union, Chemical Weapons Nonproliferation Organization, the OSCE, NATO, World Trade Organization, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Chemical tests are also used for some genera.

Chemical analysis found that samples of polywater were contaminated with other substances ( explaining the changes in melting and boiling points ), and examination of polywater via electron microscopy showed that it also contained small particles of various solids from silicon to phospholipids, explaining its greater viscosity.

Chemical processes may also be employed to reduce the amount of antigenic protein in Hevea latex, resulting in alternative Hevea-based materials such Vytex Natural Rubber Latex that, while not completely hypoallergenic, do provide lessened exposure to latex allergens.

Chemical weathering also releases readily water-soluble cations such as calcium, sodium and magnesium, which give basaltic areas a strong buffer capacity against acidification.

The University of Manchester has a hall of residence called Dalton Hall ; it also established two Dalton Chemical Scholarships, two Dalton Mathematical Scholarships, and a Dalton Prize for Natural History.

Graham also founded the Chemical Society of London in 1841.

Dewar was also the President of the Chemical Society in 1897 and the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1902, as well as serving on the Royal Commission established to examine London's water supply from 1893 to 1894 and the Committee on Explosives.

Chemical burns, biological agents, and thermal agents, from sources such as welding torches and UV light also contribute to occupational eye injury.

Smith has noted he looks at Cure-influenced bands like Interpol and My Chemical Romance with affection, adding, " I also think bassist Carlos D .' s obsession with Simon Gallup is sweet.

She also completed guest vocals on My Chemical Romance's 2006 concept album The Black Parade, portraying “ Mother War ,” a dark conception of the main character's mother, in the song Mama.

The Pansy is the flower of Osaka, Japan, and was the name of the Epiphone Elitist Les Paul Custom guitar with an Alpine White finish played by guitarist Frank Iero ( whose nickname, coincidentally, is also Pansy ) of the band My Chemical Romance.

Chemical effects such as the dissolution of soluble gases and slightly soluble substances, surface tension depression by organic substances and accommodation coefficient changes are also included in the second indirect effect.

Chemical methylation of tissue samples is also one method for reducing certain histological staining artifacts.

There were also attempts to fractionate synthetic high polymers ; however, it was not until 1964, when J. C. Moore of the Dow Chemical Company published his work on the preparation of Gel Permeation Chromatography ( GPC ) columns based on cross-linked polystyrene with controlled pore size, that a rapid increase of research activity in this field began.

The university has courses in pure technical studies such as Applied Physics, Applied Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Informatics / Computer Science and Industrial Engineering and also offers courses in Communication, Psychology, Economical Sciences, Business, Public Administration, Applied Medicine and Biomedical Technology ; the latter attract a broader public.