* 1862 – American Civil War: The District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act, a bill ending slavery in the District of Columbia, becomes law.

Unless a state law, such as the California Unruh Civil Rights Act,

However, the Republicans in Congress overrode his veto and the Civil Rights measure became law.

* 1871 – The Civil Rights Act of 1871 becomes law.

In 2011, she also took a counsel position with the Civil Rights & Employment Practice group of the plaintiffs ' law firm Cohen Milstein Sellers & Toll.

Civil law countries often have specialized courts, administrative courts, that review these decisions.

Category: Civil law ( common law )

St. Sava's Nomocanon was the compilation of Civil law, based on Roman Law and Canon law, based on Ecumenical Councils and its basic purpose was to organize functioning of the young Serbian kingdom and the Serbian church.

Subsequently, with the passage of the Civil Code of Lower Canada in 1866, Quebec's civil law became entirely statute based, using the civil law system for matters within provincial jurisdiction.

Uniquely among U. S. states, Louisiana uses a codified system, the Louisiana Civil Code, based on principles of law from continental Europe instead of common law.

Examples of common law being replaced by statute or codified rule in the United States include criminal law ( since 1812, U. S. courts have held that criminal law must be embodied in statute if the public is to have fair notice ), commercial law ( the Uniform Commercial Code in the early 1960s ) and procedure ( the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in the 1930s and the Federal Rules of Evidence in the 1970s ).

* Civil law ( legal system )

Civil law may refer to:

* Civil law ( common law ), a branch of common law dealing with relations between individuals or organizations ( as opposed to criminal law )

Nicaragua's legal system also is a mixture of the English Common Law and the Civil Law through the influence of British administration of the Eastern half of the country from the mid-17th century until about 1905, the William Walker period from about 1855 through 1857, USA interventions / occupations during the period from 1909 to 1933, the influence of USA institutions during the Somoza family administrations ( 1933 through 1979 ) and the considerable importation between 1979 and the present of USA culture and institutions.

The Rump had not agreed to its own dissolution when it was dispersed by Cromwell and legislation from the period immediately before the Civil War — the Act against dissolving the Long Parliament without its own consent ( 11 May 1641 ) -- gave them the legal basis for this view.

Many legal scholars believe that a number of legal cases, in particular Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, established that the use of content-control software in libraries is a violation of the First Amendment.

In the early 20th century, Equity Rule 48 was replaced with Equity Rule 38 as part of a major restructuring of the Equity Rules, and when federal courts merged their legal and equitable procedural systems in 1938, Equity Rule 38 became Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

** Romano-Germanic subgroup ( comprising those legal systems where legal science was formulated according to Roman Law-see also Civil law ( legal system ))

In a non-criminal case in a United States district court, a litigant ( or a litigant's attorney ) who presents any pleading, written motion or other paper to the court is required, under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, to certify that, to the best of the presenter's knowledge and belief, the legal contentions " are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law ".

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 2 says " here is one form of action-the civil action ," which abolishes the legal / equity distinction.

** Civil law ( legal system )

Nevertheless, the circumstances of the Red vs. White Russian Civil War, and terrorism by the opposing political parties, and in aid of the White Armies ' counter-revolution, led to the Bolshevik government banning other parties ; thus, the vanguard party became the sole, legal political party in Russia.

By the end of the 19th century, a new educated social class which transcended the divisions of race and caste was emerging as a result of British attempts to nurture a range of professionals for the Ceylon Civil Service and for the legal, educational, and medical professions.

Other states have enacted similar laws through a variety of legal means, including signing and ratifying or otherwise giving effect to key conventions such as the European Convention on Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

The legal structure is codified into the Six Codes: the Constitution, the Civil Code, the Code of Civil Procedures, the Criminal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedures and in Administrative laws.

On June 26, 1997, the Supreme Court upheld the Philadelphia court's decision in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, stating that the indecency provisions were an unconstitutional abridgement of the First Amendment right to free speech because they did not permit parents to decide for themselves what material was acceptable for their children, extended to non-commercial speech, and did not define " patently offensive ," a term with no prior legal meaning.

According to an historical narrative on the event titled " Chief Left Hand ", by Margaret Coel, contributing factors that led to the massacre were: Governor Evans ' desire to hold title to the resource rich Denver-Boulder area ; government trust officials ' avoidance of Chief Left Hand ( a linguistically gifted Southern Arapaho chief ), when executing a legal treaty that transferred title of the area away from Indian Trust ; a local cavalry stretched thin by the demands of the Civil War ; the hijacking of their supplies by a few stray Indian warriors who had lost respect for their chiefs and followers of Chief Left Hand ( including a group of Cheyenne and Arapaho elders, a few well behaved warriors, and mostly women and children ), who had received a message to report to Fort Lyon with the promise of safety and food at the Fort, or risk being considered " hostile " and ordered killed by the cavalry.

They were overthrown by the Civil Rights Act of 1866 that gave the freedmen full legal equality ( except for the right to vote ).

In general use, the term civil servant in the United Kingdom does not include all public sector employees ; although there is no fixed legal definition, the term is usually defined as " a servant of the Crown working in a civil capacity who is not the holder of a political ( or judicial ) office ; the holder of certain other offices in respect of whose tenure of office special provision has been made ; a servant of the Crown in a personal capacity paid from the Civil List ".

The service is headed by a Director General at the grade of a Permanent Secretary of the British Civil Service who is directly supported by an internal security organisation, secretariat, legal advisory branch and information services branch.

* Moral Majority Legal Defense Fund – the organization ’ s legal instrument, used primarily to challenge the American Civil Liberties Union and secular humanist issues in court.

Although such an assertion is rejected by most legal and historical scholars, it is nevertheless acknowledged that the decision did play an important role in the timing of state secession and the Civil War.

The Secretary of War gave his assent after studying the history of the draft in the American Civil War as well as the British volunteer system in World War 1.

To appreciate the nature of the gamble, it should be realized that while college teaching is almost a public symbol of security, that security does not come as quickly or as automatically as it does in an elementary school system or in the Civil Service.

The 1993 State Civil Servant Provisional Regulations ( 国家公务员暂行条例 ) changed the way government officials were selected and promoted, requiring that they pass exams and yearly appraisals, and introduced a rotation system.

John Stephens was a prosperous real estate developer after the Civil War and one of the founders of the Gate City Street Railroad ( 1881 ), a mule-drawn Atlanta trolley system.

Two years later in 1883, the system of appointments to the United States Federal Bureaucracy was revamped by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, partially based on the British meritocratic civil service that had been established years earlier.

To enforce the merit system and the judicial system, the law also created the United States Civil Service Commission.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

Among its accomplishments, the United Province of Canada negotiated the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 with the United States, built the Grand Trunk Railway, improved the educational system in Canada West under Egerton Ryerson, reinstated French as an official language of the legislature and the courts, codified the Civil Code of Lower Canada in 1866, and abolished the seigneurial system in Canada East.

Minié system rifles, notably the U. S. Springfield and the British Enfield of the early 1860s, featured prominently in the U. S. Civil War, due to their enhanced power and accuracy.

As a result, the English system of common law developed in parallel to Roman-based civil law, with its practitioners being trained at the Inns of Court in London rather than receiving degrees in Canon or Civil Law at the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge.

Some historians have emphasized Grant's responsibility for the corruption, while others have considered this exaggeration, and stress Grant's establishment of Civil Service reform and abolishment of the moiety system.

The Civil ( Codified / Continental ) Law does not provide this kind of gate to limit equal access of citizens to the justice system.

Such a European association would share the same principles of government, system of measurement, currency and Civil Code.

In the cartography unit at Bordeaux, Zapf drew maps of Spain, especially the railway system, which could have been used to transport artillery had Francisco Franco not used narrow-gauge tracks to repair bridges after the Spanish Civil War.

Not at the close of the Civil War, not as the result of the Spanish War, but in the Interwar period did the United States become a part of the international system.

On December 29, 2009, the California Court of Appeal for the Sixth District ruled that California Code of Civil Procedure Section 367 cannot be read as imposing a federal-style standing doctrine on California's code pleading system of civil procedure.