The purified rabbit IgG antivenom was developed in 1981 through a team effort led by Dr Struan Sutherland, head of immunology at the Australian Commonwealth Serum Laboratories in Melbourne.

The floors set aside for the institute in the grounds of the old Melbourne Hospital were given over to the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories in 1918 until a new director could be secured at the cessation of hostilities.

Founded in 1916 the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, an Australian government body focused on vaccine manufacture.

* AH Brogan, Committed to Saving Lives: a History of the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories ( Melbourne: Hyland House, 1990 ).

* FG Morgan, ' The Commonwealth Serum Laboratories and their work ', Collected Proceedings of the Society of Chemical Industry of Victoria, XXXV ( 1935 ), 1015 – 31.

* WJ Penfold, ' The Commonwealth Serum Laboratories ', Medical Journal of Australia, 1 ( 14 April 1923 ), 396 – 400.

* CSL Limited, an Australian biotechnology company known as Commonwealth Serum Laboratories until 1994, when it was privatised

During his course of study, he undertook employment at Australia's Commonwealth Serum Laboratories during vacation periods.

The antivenom was developed by a team headed by Struan Sutherland at the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories in Melbourne.

Subsequent Presidents were Sir Michael Stoker ( 1980 – 87 ), Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society and a former fellow and medical tutor at Clare College, who had taken early retirement from his post as Director of the Imperial Cancer Research Laboratories ; Anthony Low ( 1987 – 94 ), Professor of Commonwealth History and formerly Vice-Chancellor of the Australian National University, who had been a visiting fellow of Clare Hall in 1971 ; and Professor Dame Gillian Beer ( 1994 – 2001 ), King Edward VII Professor of English Literature.

In 1960, Fairey announced an agreement between Fairey Engineering Ltd. and the Del Mar Engineering Laboratories, Los Angeles, California, to distribute a range of subsonic and supersonic towed target systems ( RADOP ) for air-to-air and surface-to-air guided weapon training in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, the Commonwealth and the UK.

For instance member nations of the Commonwealth where English is not spoken natively, such as India, often closely follow British English forms, while many American English usages are followed in other countries which have been historically influenced by the United States, such as the Philippines.

Bowls is played at the Commonwealth Games ; the last being held in Delhi, India, where Natalie Melmore ( England ) and Robert Weale ( Wales ) won the singles Gold Medals.

Convention is particularly important in the Commonwealth realms and other governments using the Westminster System of government, where many of the rules of government are unwritten.

Mussolini believed that following a brief entry of Italy into war with France, followed by the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain some territorial concessions from France and then concentrate its forces on a major offensive in Egypt where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces.

Examples include Commonwealth realms where the individual who acts as their respective monarch resides in the oldest realm, the United Kingdom, and so is represented in the others by an appointed governor-general ( unhyphenated in Canada as governor general ) and Andorra which is headed by two non-resident co-princes, one of which is also the President of France.

Indonesian irregular forces were infiltrated into Sarawak, where they were contained by Malaysian and Commonwealth of Nations forces.

Then, by allying with the rulers of Austria and Prussia, she incorporated the territories of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth, where after a century of Russian rule non-Catholic mainly Orthodox population prevailed during the Partitions of Poland, pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe.

The trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Commonwealth shall be by jury, and every such trial shall be held in the State where the offence was committed, and if the offence was not committed within any State the trial shall be held at such place or places as the Parliament prescribes.

In 1970, he attended the British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, where he was presented to Queen Elizabeth II.

" Hitherto Monk had continued to make solemn protestations of his affection and fidelity to the Commonwealth interest, against a King and House of Lords ; but the new militia being settled, and a Convention, calling themselves a Parliament and fit for his purpose, being met at Westminster, he sent to such lords as had sat with the Parliament till 1648, to return to the place where they used to sit, which they did, upon assurance from him, that no others should be permitted to sit with them ; which promise he also broke, and let in not only such as had deserted to Oxford, but the late created lords.

And Charles Stuart, eldest son of the late King, being informed of these transactions, left the Spanish territories where he then resided, and by the advise of Monk went to Breda, a town belonging to the States of Holland: from when he sent his letters and a declaration to the two House by Sir John Greenvil ; whereupon the nominal House of Commons, though called by a Commonwealth writ in the name of the Keepers of the Liberties of England, passed a vote about April 25, 1660, ' That the government of the nation should be by a King, Lords and Commons, and that Charles Stuart should be proclamed King of England.

On 14 October 1986, Fraser, then the Chairman of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group, was found in the foyer of the Admiral Benbow Inn, a seedy Memphis hotel, wearing nothing but a towel and confused as to where his trousers were.

Another example would be the former Soviet Union where only members of the Communist Party were allowed to vote or hold office ; the French First Republic government under the Directory ; and the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth ( only the nobility could vote ).

The Commonwealth consisted of a number of clans run by chieftains, and the Althing was a combination of parliament and supreme court where disputes appealed from lower courts were settled, laws were decided, and decisions of national importance were taken.

Later in 1951 Menzies decided to hold a referendum on the question of changing the Constitution to permit the parliament to make laws in respect of Communists and Communism where he said this was necessary for the security of the Commonwealth.

To the west of the city is a Commonwealth War Graves cemetery where about 1, 000 men are buried.

In Commonwealth common law jurisdictions, confidentiality and trade secrets are regarded as an equitable right rather than a property right ( with the exception of Hong Kong where a judgment of the High Court indicates that confidential information may be a property right ).

An analogous scenario also exists in Commonwealth Republics, such as India or Trinidad and Tobago, where there is a President.

* Global Agenda takes place in the year 2155, where the Commonwealth, an oppressive world government, is determined to control the entire planet.

This policy has continued with the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games, where Canadian Chantal Petitclerc became the first athlete with a disability to carry her country's flag in the Opening Ceremonies of an integrated games.

The second change he objected to was " the suppression of the word ' British ', both from before the words ' Realms and Territories ' where it is replaced by the words ' her other ' and from before the word ' Commonwealth ', which, in the Statute of Westminster, is described as the ' British Commonwealth of Nations '":

This is because the power to legislate on de facto matters relies on referrals by States to the Commonwealth in accordance with Section 51 ( xxxvii ) of the Australian Constitution, where it states the new federal law can only be applied back within a state There must be a state nexis, between the de facto relationship itself and the Australian state.

Repnin also demanded religious freedom for the Protestant and Orthodox Christians, and the resulting reaction among some of Poland's Roman Catholics, as well as the deep resentment of Russian intervention in the Commonwealth's domestic affairs, led to the War of the Confederation of Bar from 1768 – 1772, where the Poles tried to expel Russian forces from Commonwealth territory.

Hymes later joined the Departments of Anthropology and English at the University of Virginia, where he became the Commonwealth Professor of Anthropology and English, and from which he retired in 2000, continuing as emeritus professor until his death from complications of Alzheimer's disease on November 13, 2009.

Or, third, it incorporates the United Kingdom rules of succession into the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act, which itself can now be altered only by Australia, according to the Australia Act 1986 ; in that way, the British rules of succession have been patriated to Australia and, with regard to Australia, are subject to amendment or repeal solely by Australian law.

According to the Foreign & Commonwealth Office, " Problems associated with drug trafficking are potentially the most serious threat to stability in the BVI ".

* Both countries are full members of the Eurasian Economic Community, of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation and of the Commonwealth of Independent States

They are both members of OIC, Commonwealth and NAM and share common views on regional and international issues.

In some African Commonwealth nations, particularly Ghana, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia and Tanzania, prize fighting contests are held on Boxing Day.

The most significant family of constitutional monarchies in the world today are the sixteen Commonwealth realms under Elizabeth II.

Banknotes are mostly paper, but Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation developed the world's first polymer currency in the 1980s that went into circulation on the nation's bicentenary in 1988.

The Commonwealth of Nations — formerly the British Commonwealth — is a voluntary association of 54 independent sovereign states, most of which are former British colonies, or dependencies of these colonies with three exceptions, Mozambique ( which was a Portuguese possession ), Rwanda ( which was a Belgian mandate ) and Cameroon ( which is a union of a French mandate and a British mandate ) plus the United Kingdom itself.

* In some Commonwealth countries resident citizens of other Commonwealth countries are entitled to political rights, e. g., the right to vote in local and national elections and in some cases even the right to stand for election.

Although Ireland left the Commonwealth in 1949, it is often treated as if it were a member, with references being made in legal documents to ' the Commonwealth and the Republic of Ireland ', and its citizens are not classified as foreign nationals, particularly in the United Kingdom.

However, Irish citizens were still treated as subjects of the Crown, and they are still not regarded as foreign, even though Ireland is not a member of the Commonwealth.

They are held around the Commonwealth, rotating by invitation amongst its members.

As the convocation of heads of governments and permanent Commonwealth staff and experts, CHOGMs are the highest institution of action in the Commonwealth, and rare occasions on which Commonwealth leaders all come together.

The word dessert is most commonly used for this course in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Ireland, while pudding or, informally, sweet or afters are alternative terms that may also be used in the United Kingdom and some other Commonwealth countries, including New Zealand and India.

Four are elected by the Town and one is appointed by the Commonwealth Commissioner of Community Affairs.

As a Board they have all of the powers and duties which are given to housing authorities under the constitution and laws of the Commonwealth.

Missions between Commonwealth countries are known as high commissions and their heads are high commissioners.