* Plague of Justinian: Bubonic plague appears suddenly in the Egyptian port of Pelusium, spreading to Alexandria and, the following year, to Constantinople.

However, it appears that the island again lost its population during the Latin Empire of Constantinople as the inhabitants fled the pirate depredations.

It appears that it was not until Christianity was officially adopted in Constantinople that the new religion made any real headway in Caria.

The latest event alluded to in his Epitoma rei militaris is the death of the Emperor Gratian ( 383 ); the earliest attestation of this work is a subscriptio by one Flavius Eutropius, writing in Constantinople in the year 450, which appears in one of two families of manuscripts, suggesting that a bifurcation of the manuscript tradition had already occurred.

The majority signed the " Creed of the Dedication "; Eudoxius who was present, was deposed by Basil of Ancyra's party, and appears to have sought the shelter of the court at Constantinople.

There is an alternate narrative regarding the Holy Sponge, as it is said that in the 7th century, Nicetas, who took part in the conquest of Egypt from Phocas, and had been governor of Egypt, was famed for bringing the Holy Sponge and the Holy Lance ( the " Lance of Longinus ") to Constantinople from Palestine in 612 ; from 619 to 628 / 9 he appears to have been exarch of Africa.

The Cotton Genesis appears to have been used in the 1220s as the basis for the design of 110 mosaic panels in the atrium of St Mark's Basilica in Venice, presumably after it was brought to Venice following the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204.

It appears that the struggle for more land and power was an important incentive for the offensive action on the side of the Bosnian sipahis, an action which at that time was not really in accordance with Constantinople / Istanbul.

He was succeeded by St. Simplicianus ( 397 ), and Venerius ( 400 ); Lazarus ( 438-49 ) appears to have amplified the Ambrosian rite of Milan ; St. Datius ( 530-52 ), lived almost always in exile at Constantinople, on account of the Gothic War ; Vitalis ( 552 ) reaffirmed the independence of the Milian Church in relation of Rome, but Auxanus ( 556 ) re-established the yoke with Rome.

With the division of the empire into two imperial courts and separate senates in 395, although the western empire continued to see the appointment of the increasingly devalued suffect consulate, it appears that no suffect consulships were ever created at Constantinople.

He appears to have held the office of tribune or notary ( scriniarius ) under Anastasius, imperial treasurer and chamberlain of Justinian I, at the end of whose reign he left Africa for Constantinople, apparently in consequence of having lost his property during the Moorish and Vandal wars.

* 1204 – The Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade breach the walls of Constantinople and enter the city, which they completely occupy the following day.

Two days after Theodosius arrived in Constantinople, 24 November 380, he expelled the Homoiousian bishop, Demophilus of Constantinople, and surrendered the churches of that city to Gregory Nazianzus, the leader of the rather small Nicene community there, an act which provoked rioting.

By the beginning of 1204, Isaac II and Alexios IV had inspired little confidence among the people of Constantinople in their efforts to defend the city from the Latins and Venetians, who were restless and rioted when the money and aid promised by Alexios IV was not forthcoming.

He was the last Byzantine Emperor to reign in Constantinople before the establishment of the Latin Empire, which controlled the city for the next 57 years, until it was recovered by the Nicaean Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.

: For the city in the late Roman and the Eastern Roman or Byzantine periods ( 330 – 1453 ), see Constantinople.

The city was later renamed Nova Roma by Constantine the Great, but popularly called Constantinople and briefly became the imperial residence of the classical Roman Empire.

) After his death the city was called Constantinople ( Greek Κωνσταντινούπολις or Konstantinoupolis ) (' city of Constantine ').

* Constantinople details the history of the city before the Turkish conquest of 1453.

At the Fourth Ecumenical Council at Chalcedon in 451, Constantinople was given jurisdiction over three dioceses for the reason that the city was " the residence of the emperor and senate ".

Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe from the 9th through the 12th century.

It took on the name of Konstantinoupolis (" city of Constantine ", Constantinople ) after its re-foundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who designated it as his new Roman capital, the New Rome.

This name was used in Turkish side by side with Kostantiniyye, the more formal adaptation of the original Constantinople, during the period of Ottoman rule, while western languages mostly continued to refer to the city as Constantinople until the early 20th century.

After the creation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the Turkish government began to formally object to the use of Constantinople in other languages and ask that others use the more common name for the city.

Constantinople was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine I on the site of an already-existing city, Byzantium, settled in the early days of Greek colonial expansion, probably around 671 – 662 BC.

Emperor Constantine I presents a representation of the city of Constantinople as tribute to an enthroned Mary and Christ Child in this church mosaic.

Thereafter, Constantinople became in truth the largest city of the Roman Empire and of the world.

Map of Constantinople ( 1422 ) by Florentine cartographer Cristoforo Buondelmonti is the oldest surviving map of the city, and the only one that predates the Turkish conquest of the city in 1453

This tower could hold many soldiers who could be at the same level as the walls of the city, making it easier for them to break into Constantinople.

Mehmed ’ s main concern with Constantinople had to do with rebuilding the city ’ s defenses and repopulation.

Mehmed issued orders across his empire that Muslims, Christians, and Jews should resettle the city ; he demanded that five thousand households needed to be deported to Constantinople by September.

While the Siege of Constantinople was taking place, Heraclius allied with what Byzantine sources called the Khazars under Ziebel, who are identified with the Western Turkic Khaganate of the Göktürks led by Tong Yabghu, plying him with wondrous gifts and a promise of the reward of the porphyrogenita Eudoxia Epiphania.

) The mosques that were built after the conquest of Constantinople ( Istanbul ) by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, and influenced by the design of the 6th century Byzantine basilica of Hagia Sophia, had increasingly elevated and large central domes, which create a vertical emphasis that is intended to be more overwhelming ; in order to convey the divine power of Allah, the majesty of the Ottoman Sultan, and the governmental authority of the Ottoman State.

In the churches of the Germans his emissaries saw no beauty ; but at Constantinople, where the full festival ritual of the Byzantine Church was set in motion to impress them, they found their ideal: " We no longer knew whether we were in heaven or on earth ," they reported, describing a majestic Divine Liturgy in Hagia Sophia, " nor such beauty, and we know not how to tell of it.

Finally, near the end of the novel, Candide finds Cunégonde near Constantinople, but she has lost her beauty, and is now very irritable and unfortunately very shallow-minded.

While being held prisoner, Calafia acknowledges the astonishing beauty of Leonorina, daughter of the Constantinople emperor and the intended bride of Esplandián, and resolves not to interfere with their union.

In 1168 Amalric and Manuel negotiated an alliance against Egypt, and William of Tyre was among the ambassadors sent to Constantinople to finalize the treaty.

Christopher Marlowe's play Tamburlane the Great was first performed in London in 1587, three years after the formal opening of English-Ottoman trade relations when William Harborne sailed for Constantinople as agent of the Levant Company.

Amalric cemented his alliance with Manuel by marrying Manuel's niece Maria Komnene in 1167, and an embassy led by William of Tyre was sent to Constantinople to negotiate a military expedition, but in 1168 Amalric pillaged Bilbeis without waiting for the naval support promised by Manuel.

* 1255 – May – William of Rubruck from Constantinople returns to Cyprus from his missionary journey to convert the Tatars of central and eastern Asia, his efforts having been unsuccessful.

In May 1267, he concluded the Treaty of Viterbo with the exiled Baldwin II of Constantinople and William II Villehardouin ( through his chancellor Leonardo of Veruli ).

* May – King Louis IX of France dispatches William of Rubruck from Constantinople on a missionary journey to convert the Tatars of central and eastern Asia.

* May – William of Rubruck from Constantinople returns to Cyprus from his missionary journey to convert the Tatars of central and eastern Asia, his efforts having been unsuccessful.

Emperor Manuel, whom William met during his visits to Constantinople, was portrayed more ambivalently, much like King Amalric.

The end of the Historia coincides with the massacre of the Latins in Constantinople and the chaos that followed the coup of Andronicus I Comnenus, and in his description of those events, William was certainly not immune to the extreme anti-Greek rhetoric that was often found in Western European sources.

English translation by William Weaver, New York: Harcourt 2002, ISBN 0-15-100690-3 ) is set partly at Constantinople during the Crusader conquest.

During the following years Dandolo twice went as ambassador to King William II of Sicily, and then in 1183 returned to Constantinople to negotiate the restoration of the Venetian quarter in the city.

A better prospect opened in the confusion in Byzantine affairs which followed the death of Manuel Comnenus ( 1180 ), and William took up the old design and feud against Constantinople.

On 11 March 1799, shortly before setting off to serve as ambassador at Constantinople, Elgin married Mary, daughter and heir of William Hamilton Nisbet, of Dirleton ;

* William of Constantinople ( 1346 – 1364 )

Educated at the universities of Bonn and Heidelberg, he obtained a position in Florence through the influence of an Englishman, William Craufurd, but soon he entered the Prussian diplomatic service and was employed in Florence, in Constantinople and in Rome.

According to the historian William of Malmesbury, decades later his son William sent a mission to Constantinople and Nicaea, charging it with bringing his father's body back to be buried in Normandy.

In 1249, Mystras became the seat of the Latin Principality of Achaea, established in 1205 after the conquest of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, and Prince William II Villehardouin, a grand-nephew of the Fourth Crusade historian Geoffrey of Villehardouin, built a palace there.

Under the despot Theodore it became the second most important city in the empire after Constantinople, and William II's palace became the second residence of the emperors.

After Michael recaptured Constantinople in 1261, William was released in 1262 in return for Mistra and the rest of Laconia, which became a Byzantine despotate, as well as an oath of allegiance to the Emperor.

Informed by the local Byzantine governor of William's actions, Michael VIII sent an army under the command of his half-brother, Constantine, against William, but the expedition was unsuccessful, the Byzantines first being routed at the Battle of Prinitza in 1263 and then, after Constantine's return to Constantinople, suffering a heavy defeat at the Battle of Makryplagi in 1264.

Both William and his overlord Baldwin II, now dispossessed of Constantinople, had hoped for aid from King Manfred of Sicily, who had sent troops to aid William at Pelagonia.

Soon after the Lombard contingent had left Nicomedia, a separate force under William II of Nevers arrived at Constantinople.