The ICCPR has also been cited, in the BC case Crookes v. Newton, as the standard for balancing free speech versus reputation rights.

Its earliest members included noted scientists like William Crookes, and philosophers such as Henry Sidgwick and William James.

A schematic diagram of a Crookes tube apparatus.

In the early cold cathode vacuum tubes, called Crookes tubes, this was done by using a high electrical potential between the anode and the cathode to ionize the residual gas in the tube ; the ions were accelerated by the electric field and released electrons when they collided with the cathode.

By the 1870s, British physicist William Crookes and others were able to evacuate tubes to a lower pressure, below 10 < sup >− 6 </ sup > atm.

These were called Crookes tubes.

Crookes found that as he pumped more air out of the tubes, the Faraday dark space spread down the tube from the cathode toward the anode, until the tube was totally dark.

Crookes and Artur Shuster believed they were particles of " radiant matter ", that is, electrically charged atoms.

The gas ionization ( or cold cathode ) method of producing cathode rays used in Crookes tubes was unreliable, because it depended on the pressure of the residual air in the tube.

The first true electronic vacuum tubes, invented around 1906, used this hot cathode technique, and they superseded Crookes tubes.

The ionization method of creating cathode rays used in Crookes tubes is today only used in a few specialized gas discharge tubes such as krytrons.

Crookes insisted it was a particle, while Hertz maintained it was a wave.

The Crookes radiometer, also known as the light mill, consists of an airtight glass bulb, containing a partial vacuum.

It was invented in 1873 by the chemist Sir William Crookes as the by-product of some chemical research.

A Crookes radiometer, consistent with the word-element " meter " in its title, can provide a quantitative measurement of electromagnetic radiation intensity.

When a radiant energy source is directed at a Crookes radiometer, the radiometer becomes a heat engine.

# Crookes incorrectly suggested that the force was due to the pressure of light.

The first experiment to disprove this theory was done by Arthur Schuster in 1876, who observed that there was a force on the glass bulb of the Crookes radiometer that was in the opposite direction to the rotation of the vanes.

The vanes of a typical Crookes radiometer are not porous, but the space past their edges behaves like the pores in Reynolds's plate.

Both Einstein's and Reynolds's forces appear to cause a Crookes radiometer to rotate, although it still isn't clear which one is stronger.

In 2010 researchers at the University of California, Berkeley succeeded in building a nanoscale light mill that works on an entirely different principle to the Crookes radiometer.

These samples were identified as helium by Lockyer and British physicist William Crookes.

Off-spinner Derek Crookes, who was also a witness, admitted being surprised to open the bowling at Nagpur.

* 1832 – William Crookes, English physicist and chemist ( d. 1919 )

In 1900, William Crookes isolated protactinium as an intensely radioactive material from uranium ; however, he could not characterize it as a new chemical element and thus named it uranium-X.

In 1899, J. J. Thomson investigated ultraviolet light in Crookes tubes.

ca: Radiòmetre de Crookes

ca: Tub de Crookes

Geist mentioned that Green Party of Canada financier Wayne Crookes filed a suit in which he alleged damages for an online news service that republished resignation letters from that party and let users summarize claims they contained.

Cocker was born on 20 May 1944 at 38 Tasker Road, Crookes, Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire.

Crookes lost four times on the grounds that he had not shown anyone in BC had actually read the materials on the minor websites, but this left the major question unresolved: How to deal with commentary deemed fair in one jurisdiction but actionable in another, and how to ensure that universal rights to free speech and reputation are balanced in a way that does not lead to radically different outcomes for two people who might for instance participate in a conversation on the Internet.

Sir William Crookes, a gem connoisseur as well as a chemist and physicist, was the first to discover radiation's effects on diamond color when in 1904 he conducted a series of experiments using radium salts.

As part of Channel 4's program The JD Set, Wheeler worked with Emmy The Great, The Crookes, And So I Watch You From Afar and Ma Mentor, joining each band in covering songs by Pixies, and then performing at London's XOYO on 24 March 2011.

On March 21st 2011, the label are releasing the debut album ' Chasing After Ghosts ' by The Crookes.

A is a low voltage power supply to heat cathode C ( a " cold cathode " was used by Crookes ).

A Crookes Radiometer being powered by an incandescent light bulb | incandescent bulb

< center > Sir William Crookes </ center > < center > by Leslie Ward | Sir Leslie Ward 1902 </ center >

The method of spectral analysis, introduced by Bunsen and Kirchhoff, was received by Crookes with great enthusiasm and to great effect.

Crookes investigated the properties of cathode rays, showing that they travel in straight lines, cause fluorescence in objects upon which they impinge, and by their impact produce great heat.

Thallium, from Greek,, meaning " a green shoot or twig ," was named by Crookes.

As both scientists discovered thallium independently and a large part of the work, especially the isolation of the metallic thallium was done by Lamy, Crookes tried to secure his priority on the work.

The pressure is very feeble, but can be detected by allowing the radiation to fall upon a delicately poised vane of reflective metal in a Nichols radiometer ( this should not be confused with the Crookes radiometer, whose characteristic motion is not caused by radiation pressure but by impacting gas molecules ).

This apparatus is sometimes confused with the Crookes radiometer of 1873, in which vanes turn in a partial vacuum under the influence of low pressure gas molecules and not directly by the photons themselves.

The most famous was the evacuated tube used for scientific research by William Crookes.

Research conducted by Crookes and others ultimately led to the discovery of the electron in 1897 by J. J. Thomson and X-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen.

The study of psychic phenomena by major scientists started in the mid-nineteenth century ; early researchers included Michael Faraday, Alfred Russel Wallace, Rufus Osgood Mason and William Crookes.

Sympathetic research on Spiritism by scientists can be found in the works of Sir William Crookes, Dr. Robert Hare ( Chemist ), Sir Oliver J. Lodge, Dr. Emma Bragdon.