Diffraction arises because of the way in which waves propagate ; this is described by the Huygens – Fresnel principle and the principle of superposition of waves.

* Diffraction Java applet – Displays diffraction patterns of various 2-D apertures.

* DoITPoMS Teaching and Learning Package – Diffraction and Imaging

* Leonid A. Bendersky and Frank W. Gayle, " Electron Diffraction Using Transmission Electron Microscopy ", Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 106 ( 2001 ) pp. 997 – 1012.

Diffraction –

Diffraction refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle.

Diffraction of a red laser using a diffraction grating

Diffraction from a three dimensional periodic structure such as atoms in a crystal is called Bragg diffraction.

:* Diffraction and wave mechanics, for the science behind characterization systems, e. g., X-ray diffraction ( XRD ) transmission electron microscopy ( TEM )

* Oxford Diffraction, a British company specializing in X-ray diffraction equipment, now part of Varian, Inc.

Diffraction Limit The detail of a physical object that an optical instrument can reproduce in an image has limits that are mandated by inviolate laws of physics, whether formulated by the diffraction equations in the wave theory of light or the Uncertainty Principle for photons in quantum mechanics.

The International Centre for Diffraction Data ( ICDD ) maintains a database of powder diffraction patterns, the Powder Diffraction File ( PDF ), including the d-spacings ( related to angle of diffraction ) and relative intensities of observable diffraction peaks.

The Mission-The International Centre for Diffraction Data will continue to be the world center for quality diffraction and related data to meet the needs of the technical community.

As mentioned above, the Powder Diffraction File contains powder diffraction data and is designed to work with a diffractometer to identify

Diffraction from a sinusoidal modulation in a thin crystal solely results in the m = − 1, 0, + 1 diffraction orders.

Identification is performed by comparison of the diffraction pattern to a known standard or to a database such as the International Centre for Diffraction Data's Powder Diffraction File ( PDF ) or the Cambridge Structural Database ( CSD ).

There are now over 550, 000 reference materials in the 2006 Powder Diffraction File Databases, and these databases are interfaced to a wide variety of diffraction analysis software and distributed globally.

Diffraction creates the " Rainbow " colors reflected from a Compact Disc ( see Examples, below ).

Diffraction effects from wave optics and the finite aperture of a lens can be included in the circle of least confusion ; the more general circle of confusion for out-of-focus points is often computed in terms of pure ray ( geometric ) optics.

Diffraction patterns from apertures or bodies of known size and shape are compared with the pattern from the object to be measured.

Diffraction from a row of atoms a Laue circle on the surface of the Ewald's sphere.

Diffraction from a circular aperture.

Diffraction from an aperture with a lens.

USML-2 Experiments included: the Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment ( STDCE ), the Drop Physics Module, the Drop Dynamics Experiment ; the Science and Technology of Surface-Controlled Phenomena experiment ; the Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell Experiment ; the Crystal Growth Furnace, the Orbital Processing of High Quality Cadmium Zinc Telluride Compound Semiconductors experiment ; the Study of Dopant Segregation Behavior During the Crystal Growth of Gallium Arsenide ( GaAs ) in Microgravity experiment ; the Crystal Growth of Selected II-VI Semiconducting Alloys by Directional Solidification experiment ; the Vapor Transport Crystal Growth of Mercury Cadmium Tellurida in Microgravity experiment ; the Zeolite Crystal Growth Furnace ( ZCG ), the Interface Configuration Experiment ( ICE ), the Oscillatory Thermocapillary Flow Experiment ; the Fiber Supported Droplet Combustion Experiment ; the Particle Dispersion Experiment ; the Single-Locker Protein Crystal Growth experiment ; ( including the Protein Crystallization Apparatus for Microgravity ( PCAM ) and the Diffusion-controlled Crystallization Apparatus for Microgravity ( DCAM )); the Crystal Growth by Liquid-Liquid Diffusion, the Commercial Protein Crystal Growth experiment ; the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility, Crystallization of Apocrystacyanin C experiment ; Crystal Structure Analysis of the Bacteriophage Lambda Lysozyme, Crystallization of RNA Molecules Under Microgravity Conditions experiment ; Crystallization of the Protein Grb2 and Triclinic Lysozyme experiment ; Microgravity Crystallization of Thermophilic Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetase and Thaumatin experiment ; Crystallization in a Microgravity Environment of CcdB experiment ; A Multivariate Analysis of X-ray Diffraction Data Obtained from Glutathione S Transferase experiment ; Protein Crystal Growth: Light-driven Charge Translocation Through Bacteriorhodopsin experiment ; Crystallization of Ribosome experiment ; Crystallization of Sulfolobus Solfataricus Alcohol Dehydrogenase experiment ; Crystallization of Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus, Tomato Aspermy Virus, Satellite Panicum Mosaic Virus, Canavalin, Beef Liver Catalase, Concanavalin B experiment ; Crystallization of the Epidermal Growth Factor ( EGF ); Structure of the Membrane-Embedded Protein Complex Photosystem I ; Crystallization of Visual Pigment Rhodopsin ; Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus ; Astroculture Facility and Experiment.

Diffraction is the main effect limiting the sharpness of optical images from lenses that are stopped down to small apertures ( high f-numbers ), while aberrations are the limiting effect at large apertures ( low f-numbers ).

Diffraction from the standing wave does not shift the frequency of the diffracted light.

Diffraction from the inner hemisphere is expected.

 Abraham, Farid F. & Nelson, David R. ( 1990 ) “ Diffraction from Polymerized Membranes ,” Science.

** Blitzkrieg, 2012, Boardgame, Diffraction Entertainment Ltd, part of the TSWW game system includes Sea Lion scenarios.

Diffraction geometry, showing aperture ( or diffracting object ) plane and image plane, with coordinate system.

The former are for the most part concerned with questions relating to the theory of light arising out of his professorial lectures, among which may be specially mentioned his paper On the Diffraction of an Object-Glass with Circular Aperture, and his enunciation of the complete theory of the rainbow.

and Krieger, I. M., Diffraction of Light by Ordered Suspensions, J. Phys.

Diffraction occurs with all waves, including sound waves, water waves, and electromagnetic waves such as visible light, X-rays and radio waves.

Diffraction in the atmosphere by small particles can cause a bright ring to be visible around a bright light source like the sun or the moon.

Diffraction can occur with any kind of wave.

Diffraction can also be a concern in some technical applications ; it sets a fundamental limit to the resolution of a camera, telescope, or microscope.

Diffraction of electrons and neutrons stood as one of the powerful arguments in favor of quantum mechanics.

Diffraction contrast, in electron microscopes and x-topography devices in particular, is also a powerful tool for examining individual defects and local strain fields in crystals.

* Diffraction and acoustics.

* Diffraction in photography.

* On Diffraction at MathPages.

Diffraction lithography.

* Diffraction limits resolution to approximately 0. 2 micrometres ( see: microscope ).

Diffraction patterns exhibit fivefold, threefold, and twofold symmetries, and reflections are arranged quasiperiodically in three dimensions.

On the other hand, Anomalous Diffraction Theory applies to optically soft but larger particles.

Diffraction pattern of a double slit has a single-slit Envelope ( waves ) | envelope.

Diffraction is the fundamental limitation on the resolving power of optical instruments, such as telescopes ( including radiotelescopes ) and microscopes.