* Dipyridamole also inhibits PDE5.

Dipyridamole ( trade names Persantine, Antistenocardin ) is a drug that inhibits thrombus formation when given chronically and causes vasodilation when given at high doses over a short time.

* Dipyridamole also inhibits the phosphodiesterase enzymes that normally break down cAMP ( increasing cellular cAMP levels and blocking the platelet response to ADP ) and / or cGMP ( resulting in added benefit when given together with nitric oxide or statins ).

Dipyridamole absorption is pH-dependent and concomitant treatment with gastric acid suppressors ( such as a proton pump inhibitor ) will inhibit the absorption of liquid & plain tablets.

Dipyridamole overdose can be treated with aminophylline and reverses its hemodynamic effects ( vasodilation ).

Dipyridamole potentiates the action of adenosine, requiring the use of lower doses.

Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation by inhibiting the action of thromboxane A < sub > 2 </ sub >.

* Aspirin irreversibly inhibits the enzyme COX, resulting in reduced platelet production of TXA < sub > 2 </ sub > ( thromboxane-powerful vasoconstrictor that lowers cyclic AMP and initiates the platelet release reaction ).

cAMP inhibits platelet activation by decreasing cytosolic levels of calcium and, by doing so, inhibits the release of granules that would lead to activation of additional platelets and the coagulation cascade.

The blockade of this receptor inhibits platelet aggregation by blocking activation of the glycoprotein IIb / IIIa pathway.

It inhibits platelet aggregation and is a direct arterial vasodilator.

It inhibits PDE4 to the greatest extent, but also shows significant inhibition of other PDE subtypes, and so acts as a selective PDE4 inhibitor or a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, depending on the dose.

Like other methylated xanthine derivatives, pentoxifylline is a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor which raises intracellular cAMP, activates PKA, inhibits TNF and leukotriene synthesis, and reduces inflammation and innate immunity.

# competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor which raises intracellular cAMP, activates PKA, inhibits TNF-alpha and leukotriene synthesis, and reduces inflammation and innate immunity and

Akt phosphorylates and inhibits Bas ( a Bcl-2 family member ), causing Bas to interact with the 14-3-3 scaffold, resulting in Bcl dissociation and thus cell survival.

* An antiproliferative factor secreted by the bladders of IC / BPS patients which inhibits bladder cell proliferation, thus possibly causing the missing bladder lining.

The p21 ( WAF1 ) protein binds directly to cyclin-CDK complexes that drive forward the cell cycle and inhibits their kinase activity thereby causing cell cycle arrest to allow repair to take place.

Enterogastric reflex inhibits vagal nuclei, activating sympathetic fibers causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent more food from entering, and inhibits local reflexes.

These can react with vital proteins in the eye that, if damaged, precipitate out, causing cataracts .< ref > This finding is contradicted by the results of another recent study, which found that St John's wort inhibits free radical production in both cell-free and human vascular tissue, revealing antioxidant properties of the compound.

Melatonin also inhibits the aggregation of the amyloid beta protein into neurotoxic microaggregates that, it seems, underlie the neurotoxicity of this protein, causing death of neurons and formation of neurofibrillary tangles, the other neuropathological landmark of Alzheimer's disease.

At low doses, such as might have been used in previous centuries for suppression of sexual desire, it inhibits activation of dopamine 2 receptor by competitive binding, causing a slight increase in release of prolactin.

Moreover, it inhibits DNA repair, causing genomic instability and potentially causing the feared blast crisis in CML.

Massaro found that the presentation of successive auditory tones, confused perceptual short term memory, causing Retroactive Interference as the new tone inhibits the retrieval of previously heard tones.

Moreover, the BCR-ABL protein inhibits DNA repair, causing genomic instability and making the cell more susceptible to developing further genetic abnormalities.

This inhibits a tonic, hyperpolarizing efflux of potassium, thus causing the electric potential over the membrane to become more positive.

BZP has a high affinity action at the alpha2-adrenoreceptor, it is an antagonist at the receptor, like yohimbine, which inhibits negative feedback, causing an increase in released noradrenaline.

Plant scientists generally concentrate on ethylene and abscisic acid as culprits in senescence, but neglect gibberellin and brassinosteroid which inhibits root growth if not causing actual root pruning.

When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate ( PPi ) accumulates extracellularly and potently inhibits formation of hydroxyapatite ( mineralization ) causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia ( soft bones ) in adults.

Glucagon inhibits PFK2 by activating Protein Kinase A, causing the FBPase activity to be favored, decreasing, and thereby inhibiting glycolysis through the inhibition of PFK1.

Valproate inhibits the metabolism of lorazepam, whereas carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and rifampin increase its rate of metabolism.

Additionally, in high doses it weakly inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, with recent evidence showing that the norepinephrine transporter also transports some dopamine as well, since dopamine is inactivated by norepinephrine reuptake in the frontal cortex, which largely lacks dopamine transporters: therefore, venlafaxine can increase dopamine neurotransmission in this part of the brain.

Antifreeze also inhibits corrosion from dissimilar metals and can increase the boiling point, allowing a wider range of water cooling temperatures.

The winged keel served to increase the effective keel aspect ratio in order to reduce the level of lift induced drag resulting from a tip vortex, which inhibits the speed of the boat.

In roots, an increase in auxin concentration generally inhibits cell expansion.

in neuronal cells as well as in synaptic vesicles ; extracellular levels also increase which results in increased monoamine receptor stimulation and suppression of REM sleep, down regulation of 3-adrenoceptors. A single 300 mg dose of moclobemide inhibits 80 % of monoamine oxidase A ( MAO-A ) and 30 % of monoamine oxidase B ( MAO-B ), blocking the decomposition of norepinephrine, serotonin and to a lesser extent, dopamine. There is also some evidence pointing towards moclobemide possessing neuroprotective properties.

The D < sub > 4 </ sub > receptor is considered to be D < sub > 2 </ sub >- like in which the activated receptor inhibits the enzyme adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing the intracellular concentration of the second messenger cyclic AMP.

This ion inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by interfering with iodide concentration in the thyroid.

Studies in the brine shrimp have examined how water affects cell functions ; these saw that a 20 % reduction in the amount of water in a cell inhibits metabolism, with metabolism decreasing progressively as the cell dries out and all metabolic activity halting when the water level reaches 70 % below normal.

Shortening inhibits formation of cross-links and is used, along with diminished water and less kneading, when a tender and flaky product, such as a pie crust, is desired.

The circadian clock — an inner timekeeping, temperature-fluctuating, enzyme-controlling device — works in tandem with adenosine, a neurotransmitter that inhibits many of the bodily processes associated with wakefulness.

Aristolochic acid inhibits the activity of snake venom phospholipase ( PLA2 ) by forming a 1: 1 complex with the enzyme.

Alcohol inhibits glutamate ( a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system ) neurotransmission by reducing the effectiveness at the NMDA receptor, which is related to memory loss associated with intoxication.

Tay – Sachs disease ( along with AB-variant GM2-gangliosidosis and Sandhoff disease ) occurs because a mutation inherited from both parents deactivates or inhibits this process.

Another situation for which this formula is not exact is with alternating current ( AC ), because the skin effect inhibits current flow near the center of the conductor.

The fat is mixed with the flour first, generally by rubbing with fingers or a pastry blender, which inhibits gluten formation and results in a soft, tender pastry.

The apical meristem ( or tip ) produces the growth hormone auxin, which not only promotes cell division, but also diffuses downwards and inhibits the development of lateral bud growth which would otherwise compete with the apical tip for light and nutrients.

Along these lines, a ceramic filtration system coated with silver particles has been created by Ron Rivera of Potters for Peace and used in developing countries for water disinfection ( in this application the silver inhibits microbial growth on the filter substrate, to prevent clogging, and does not directly disinfect the filtered water ).

Thiocyanate inhibits thyroid iodide transport and, at high doses, competes with iodide in the organification process within thyroid tissue.

Promotes a " fight or flight " response, corresponds with arousal and energy generation, and inhibits digestion.

In a world in which poverty is the greatest social pollutant, any restriction on energy use that inhibits economic growth should be viewed with caution.

Anaphase is initiated with the cleavage of securin, a protein that inhibits the protease known as separase.

Anti-ApoH and a subset of anti-cardiolipin antibodies bind to ApoH, which in turn inhibits Protein C, a glycoprotein with regulatory function upon the common pathway of coagulation ( by degradating activated factor V ).

In blood plasma, haptoglobin binds free hemoglobin ( Hb ) released from erythrocytes with high affinity and thereby inhibits its oxidative activity.

Social isolation and social anxiety becomes a ' vicious circle ' for the love-shy individual as the years go by, and inhibits his chances in interaction with the opposite sex, as well as in other crucial areas of life such as his career.

It was already known at that time that fermentation with lactic acid bacteria inhibits the deterioration of milk because of its low pH.

Some studies indicate that it inhibits 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, an enzyme that is highly expressed in liver and fat tissues, where it plays a role in metabolism, and in the brain, where the same enzyme is involved in stress response that has been associated with age-related mental decline.