* 1831 – D. Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, resigns.

* 1825 – Emperor Pedro II of Brazil ( d. 1891 )

Pedro II Emperor of Brazil in regalia at the opening of the General Assembly ( oil painting by Pedro Américo ).

Prince Pedro of Bragança ( King D. João's older son ) stayed in South America acting as regent of the local kingdom, but, two years later in 1822, he proclaimed himself D. Pedro I, first Emperor of Brazil.

The empire came to an end in 1889, with the overthrow of Emperor D. Pedro II ( D. Pedro I's son and successor ), when the Brazilian republic was proclaimed.

* 1889 – Brazil is declared a republic by Marechal Deodoro da Fonseca and Emperor Pedro II is deposed in a military coup.

Using the same printer as for the Penny Black, Brazil opted for an abstract design instead of a portrait of Emperor Pedro II, so that his image would be not be disfigured by a postmark.

This last manuscript, saved from the confiscation decreed by Henry VIII, passed by the will of his daughter Margaret to Spanish hands and through Fray Pedro de Soto, confessor of Emperor Charles V, went to Valencia, home of Luis Vives, a close friend of More.

* Princess Leopoldina of Brazil, Emperor Pedro II of Brazil's daughter, died of typhoid Fever on 7 February 1871.

* November 14 – Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil ( born 1846 )

* December 1, 1822 – Peter I is crowned as Emperor of Brazil ( see The reign of Pedro I, 1822 – 31 ).

* Emperor Pedro I ( Brazil )

* December 1 – Peter I is crowned as Emperor of Brazil ( see The reign of Pedro I, 1822 – 31 ).

* September 24 – Emperor Pedro I of Brazil ( b. 1798 )

* December 2 – Emperor Pedro II of Brazil ( d. 1891 )

Control over the former Inca lands had been entrusted to Pedro de la Gasca by the Spanish king ( and Holy Roman Emperor ) Emperor Charles V. Gasca commanded Alonso de Mendoza to found a new city commemorating the end of the civil wars in Peru ; the city of La Paz was founded on October 20, 1548.

# The Quadruple Alliance of April 1834 was formed by the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Portugal to support queen Isabella II of Spain against her uncle Don Carlos, Count of Molina, who claimed the Spanish throne under the succession law of 1714-1830, and queen Maria II of Portugal ( represented by her father Pedro, 18th Duke of Braganza, former Emperor of Brazil and King of Portugal ) against her uncle Miguel of Portugal, who proclaimed himself absolute king before the Portuguese Liberal War.

Two of these titles were for relatives of Emperor Dom Pedro I: an illegitimate daughter and a brother-in-law who received the title when married with Pedro I's daughter Dona Maria II.

Thanks to Dom Pedro II, the second Emperor of Brazil, who encouraged immigration, a large number of Swedes entered Brazil, settling mainly in the cities of Joinville and Ijuí.

* 313 – Battle of Tzirallum: Emperor Licinius defeats Maximinus II and unifies the Eastern Roman Empire.

* 1806 – Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, abdicates ending the Holy Roman Empire.

Constantine's son Constantius II, who had become Emperor of the eastern part of the Empire, actually encouraged the Arians and set out to reverse the Nicene creed.

In 355 Constantius became the sole Emperor and extended his pro-Arian policy toward the western provinces, frequently using force to push through his creed, even exiling Pope Liberius and installing Antipope Felix II.

* 1203 – Isaac II Angelos, restored Eastern Roman Emperor, declares his son Alexios IV Angelos co-emperor after pressure from the forces of the Fourth Crusade.

* 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor Theodosius II to a monastery in Egypt.

Although the western Emperor Gratian held orthodox belief in the Nicene creed, the younger Valentinian II, who became his colleague in the Empire, adhered to the Arian creed.

* 1945 – Japan accepts the Allied terms of surrender in World War II and the Emperor records the Imperial Rescript on Surrender ( August 15 in Japan Standard Time ).

* 982 – Holy Roman Emperor Otto II is defeated by the Saracens in the battle of Capo Colonna, in Calabria

* 268, Battle of Lake Benacus — Romans under Emperor Claudius II defeat the Alemanni.

He then followed the fortunes of his friend Elector Maurice of Saxony, deserted Charles, and joined the league which proposed to overthrow the Emperor by an alliance with King Henry II of France.

Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov was born on 10 March 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia, the second son of Emperor Alexander II of Russia and his wife Maria Alexandrovna ( Marie of Hesse ).

* Alexander II of Russia ( 1818 – 1881 ), Emperor of Russia

Alexios II Komnenos or Alexius II Comnenus () ( 10 September 1169 – 24 September 1183, Constantinople ), Byzantine emperor ( 1180 – 1183 ), was the son of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos and Maria, daughter of Raymond, prince of Antioch.

* 357 – Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victory over Magnus Magnentius.

On the way home, he negotiated with King Levon I of Armenia, the Emperor Theodore I Laskaris of Nicaea and Tsar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and arranged several marriage contracts between his children and the courts he visited.

Andrew's first mission to the East was when he was asked by the French king Louis IX to go and fetch the Crown of Thorns which had been sold to him by the Latin Emperor of Constantinople Baldwin II in 1238, who was anxious to obtain support for his tottering empire.

In 1180 the Emperor Manuel died and was succeeded by his ten year old son Alexios II, who was under the guardianship of his mother, Empress Maria.

A bust of Emperor Constantius II from Syria. Ammianus was born between 325 and 330 in the Greek-speaking East, possibly at Antioch on the Orontes.

* Alexius II of Trebizond, Emperor of Trebizond

Eudoxia gave to Arcadius four children: three daughters, Pulcheria, Arcadia and Marina, and one son, Theodosius, the future Emperor Theodosius II.

* 355 – Claudius Silvanus, accused of treason, proclaims himself Roman Emperor against Constantius II.

* 1804 – Francis II assumes the title of first Emperor of Austria.

Antipope Felix II was installed as Pope in 355 after the Emperor Constantius II banished the reigning Pope, Liberius, for refusing to subscribe the sentence of condemnation against Saint Athanasius.