* Emperor Xiao Wen Di starts adopting a sinicization policy as well as various reforms.

* Emperor Xiao Wen Di moves the capital of Northern Wei from Datong to Luoyang.

* Emperor Xiao Wen Di of Northern Wei starts the Sinicization process by changing his clan name to the Han Chinese surname Yuan.

* Emperor Xiao Wen Di institutes an " equal-field " system of agriculture, assigning each peasant family about 19 acres ( 140 mu ) of land, of which a small portion is to be kept permanently by the farmer and his family with the rest reverting to the state upon his death of retirement.

* April 26 – Emperor Xiao Wen Di dies of starvation in his capital at Luoyang after a 27-year reign in which he has Sinicized his tribal relatives ( Tuoba clan ).

* Emperor Xiao Zhuang Di is arrested and imprisoned in a Buddhist temple at Jinyang ( Shanxi ).

Upon his death, his son had to be assisted by the general Xiao Daocheng, as nearly all of Emperor Ming's brothers and nephews had been killed.

Fearful of his demise, Xiao had him assassinated and placed Emperor Shun on his throne.

In 479, Xiao took the throne himself and declared himself Emperor of Qi, ending Liu Song.

Especially important, and frequently translated into English, is the anthology New Songs from the Jade Terrace, compiled by Xu Ling ( 507-83 ), under the patronage of Crown Prince Xiao Gang ( Later Emperor Jien Wen ) of the Liang Dynasty.

While Shang Yang ( the Prime Minister of Duke Xiao of Qin ) would allow rulers to listen to musical instruments rather than focus on foreign policy, Han Fei ( the Legalist scholar most admired by the First Qin Emperor, Qin Shi Huangdi ) demanded more of the wise ruler.

* " Bad diplomatic relations between Zhou and Zheng ; Emperor Gaozu of Han requesting for a bowl of broth ; Kui Xiao giving away his son ; Ma Chao betraying his father ; ( these are ) examples of extreme cruelty.

In 479, after rival Liu Song's throne was usurped by the general Xiao Daocheng, who established Southern Qi as its Emperor Gao, Northern Wei commissioned Liu Chang ( 劉昶 ) the Prince of Danyang, a Liu Song prince who had fled to Northern Wei in 465, with an army and promising him support to rebuild Liu Song.

Late in 494, under the stated reason that Southern Qi's Emperor Ming had usurped the throne ( from his grandnephew Xiao Zhaowen ), Emperor Xiaowen prepared a major campaign against Southern Qi, departing Luoyang about new year 495.

Heshen's daughter-in-law, Princess He Xiao, a sister of the new Emperor, was spared from punishment and given a few properties from Heshen's estates.

Meanwhile, it was said that Princess Taiping, Dou, Cen, Xiao, and Cui ; along with other officials Xue Ji, Li Jin ( 李晉 ) the Prince of Xinxing ( a grandson of Li Deliang ( 李德良 ), a cousin of Tang's founder Emperor Gaozu ), Li You ( 李猷 ), Jia Yingfu ( 賈膺福 ), Tang Jun ( 唐晙 ); the generals Chang Yuankai ( 常元楷 ), Li Ci ( 李慈 ), and Li Qin ( 李欽 ); and the monk Huifan ( 惠範 ), were plotting to overthrow Emperor Xuanzong.

* Grand Empress Dowager Xiao Wenshou ( 422-423 ), during the reign of Emperor Shao

* Grand Empress Dowager Xiao Noujin ( 1055 – 1057 ), during the reign of Emperor Daozong

* Grand Empress Dowager Xiao Tansi ( 1101 – 1118 ), during the reign of Emperor Tianzuo

The Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang by the Emperor Yuan of Liang Xiao Yi, dated to the 6th century, is the earliest surviving of these specially significant paintings.

** Liu Xian ( 劉顯 ), one-time Marquess of Guangqi, son of Liu Xun ( 劉勳 ) the first Marquess of Guangqi, son of Liu Xiao ( 劉囂 ) the Prince of Chu, son of Emperor Xuan of Han

Emperor Gengshi put Liu Xiu in charge of the region north of the Yellow Rivera and created him the Prince of Xiao, but Liu Xiu, still aware that he was not truly trusted and secretly angry about his brother's death, secretly planned to peel away from Emperor Gengshi's rule.

The " Heshang Gong Version " is named after the legendary Heshang Gong ( " Riverside Sage ") who supposedly lived during the reign ( 202-157 BC ) of Emperor Wen of Han.

* Emperor Wen of Sui, founder and first emperor of Chinese Sui Dynasty

* Xian Wen Di, Retired Emperor of Northern Wei, is murdered by Empress Feng.

* Xian Wen Di, Chinese Emperor of Northern Wei ( b. 454 )

* Emperor Wen of Sui ( b. 541 )

* July 21 – Emperor Wen of Sui

* Emperor Wen of Chen

Founded by Emperor Wen of Sui, the Sui Dynasty capital was at Chang ' an ( which was renamed Daxing ).

After crushing an army disused in the eastern provinces as the prime minister of Zhou, Emperor Wen took the throne by force and proclaimed himself emperor.

Emperor Wen abolished the anti-Han policies of Zhou and reclaimed his Han surname of Yang.

Having won the support of Confucian scholars who had powered previous Han dynasties ( abandoning the nepotism and corruption of the nine-rank system ), Emperor Wen initiated a series of reforms aimed at strengthening his empire for the wars that would reunify China.

In his campaign for southern conquest, Emperor Wen assembled thousands of boats to confront the naval forces of the Chen Dynasty on the Yangtze River.

Besides employing Xianbei and other Chinese ethnic groups for the fight against Chen, Emperor Wen also employed the service of aborigines from southeastern Sichuan, a people that Sui had recently conquered.

Although Emperor Wen was famous for bankrupting the state treasury with warfare and construction projects, he made many improvements to infrastructure during his early reign.

Emperor Wen and his empress had converted to Buddhism to legitimize imperial authority over China and the conquest of Chen.

In the year 601 CE, Emperor Wen had relics of the Buddha distributed to temples throughout China, with edicts that expressed his goals, " all the people within the four seas may, without exception, develop enlightenment and together cultivate fortunate karma, bringing it to pass that present existences will lead to happy future lives, that the sustained creation of good causation will carry us one and all up to wondrous enlightenment ".

Despite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu ( r. 174 – 160 BCE ) and Emperor Wen ( r. 180 – 157 BCE ) to reopen border markets, many of the Chanyu's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods.

By December his son Cao Pi ( 187 – 226 CE ) had Emperor Xian relinquish the throne to him and is known posthumously as Emperor Wen of Wei.

* 1402 – Zhu Di, better known by his era name as the Yongle Emperor, assumes the throne over the Ming Dynasty of China.

Once Zhu Di deposed Jianwen and became crowned as Yongle Emperor ( r. 1403-1424 ), Zheng He continued serving in his court as a Eunuch Grand Director ( 太監, tàijiàn ).

* Ping Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 1 BC – 5 AD

Emperor Jianwen is either lost or killed and Zhu Di is crowned as Emperor Hongwu.

* January – Some Chinese fear for the life of the young, ailing Emperor Ping Di as the planet Mars disappears behind the moon this month.

* Chend Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 32 – 7 BC

* Ai Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 7 – 1 BC

* Ping Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 1 BC – 5 AD

* Emperor He Di dies after a 17-year reign in which court eunuchs and the emperor's in-laws have regained influence.

Emperor Emperor Wu of Liu Song | Wu Di ( 420 – 422 )

Emperor Shun Di is forced to abandon the throne and Qi Gao Di becomes the first ruler of Southern Qi.

Emperor Emperor Wu of Liang | Wu Di ( 502 – 549 )

Emperor He Di, age 14, is put to death.