Section 1 ( 4 ) applies in relation to proceedings before a relevant convention court under the European Patent Convention as it applies to a judicial proceeding in a tribunal of a foreign state.

* October 21 – The European Patent Institute is founded.

Whether a patent application relates to an invention is governed by Article 52 of the European Patent Convention, that excludes e. g. discoveries as such and software as such.

In 1995, the European Patent Office ( EPO ) granted a patent on an anti-fungal product derived from neem to the US Department of Agriculture and W. R. Grace and Company.

* European Patent Convention, a convention instituting the European Patent Organisation

Letter-bombs, along with anti-personnel mines, are typical examples of subject-matter excluded from patentability under the European Patent Convention, because the publication or exploitation of such inventions are contrary to the " ordre public "

Patent applications were filed in European countries ( priority: Switzerland ), the United States, and Japan, and the patents transferred to Daimler-Benz.

* European Patent Agency, now European Patent Office

In Europe, " computer programs as such " are excluded from patentability and European Patent Office policy is consequently that a program for a computer is not patentable if it does not have the potential to cause a " further technical effect " beyond the inherent technical interactions between hardware and software.

However, some regional offices exist, such as the European Patent Office ( EPO ), which act as supranational bodies with the power to grant patents which can then be brought into effect in the member states, and an international procedure also exists for filing a single international application under the Patent Cooperation Treaty ( PCT ), which can then give rise to patent protection in most countries.

Within European Union member states, the EPO and other national patent offices have issued many patents for inventions involving software since the European Patent Convention ( EPC ) came into force in the late 1970s.

A summary of the developments concerning patentability of computer programs under the European Patent Convention is given in ( see G 3 / 08 ) as a response of the Enlarged Board of Appeal to questions filed by the President of the European Patent Office according to Art.

When Peter Sutherland was appointed the Republic of Ireland's European Commissioner, Labour demanded the choice of the next Attorney General.

Chairman of AIB at the time, Peter Sutherland, was also a former director of GPA and had served as Attorney General under FitzGerald, prior to FitzGerald appointing him as Ireland's member of the European Commission.

On March 26, 2007, U. S. District Judge Clarence Cooper dismissed with prejudice a suit for injunctive relief filed by European Connections, agreeing with Attorney General Alberto Gonzales and TJC that IMBRA is a constitutional exercise of Congressional authority to regulate for-profit dating websites and agencies where the primary focus is on introducing Americans to foreigners.

Peter Denis Sutherland, KCMG, SC ( born 25 April 1946 ) is an Irish international businessman and former Attorney General of Ireland, associated with the Fine Gael party ( part of the European People's Party bloc ).

Notable alumni includes influential scholars ; members of the U. S. House of Representatives ; Paul O ' Neill, US Secretary of the Treasury and Chairman of the RAND Corporation ; Stephen Cambone, U. S. Under-Secretary of Defense ; Ronald F. Lehman, Director of the U. S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and Assistant Secretary of Defense ; Assistant Attorney General ; Foreign Services officials ; political consultants ; business managers ; Philippe Maystadt, former Belgian Minister for Economic Affairs, Minister of Finance, and Deputy Prime Minister as well as current President of European Investment Bank ; and Susan M. Leeson, Associate Justice of Oregon Supreme Court, etc.

She is married to Andrew Horton, a European Patent Attorney.

* Mr. Justice John L. Murray, former Attorney General, former judge on European Court of Justice, and current Chief Justice of the Irish Supreme Court

Indeed, the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in Article 6 requires these features in the legal systems of its signatory states.

The Community acquis or acquis communautaire (; ), sometimes called the EU acquis, and often shortened to acquis, is the accumulated legislation, legal acts, and court decisions which constitute the body of European Union law.

The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating evolution of modern European civil law traditions.

* Collective redress, a similar legal framework currently under development in the European Union

In the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) the vast majority of Dutch settlers were in fact Eurasians known as Indo-Europeans, formally belonging to the European legal class in the colony.

According to Dutch legal experts Crombag, Wagenaar, van Koppen, the Dutch system contravenes the provisions of the European Human Rights convention, in the imbalance between the power of the prosecution service and the defence.

In December 1992, the rest of the EC agreed to exempt Denmark from certain aspects of the European Union, including a common defense, a common currency, EU citizenship, and certain aspects of legal cooperation ( the 4 Danish Opt-outs ).

The first European university, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the glossator school in Bologna.

* Catherine Cathiard and David Zeitoun, group legal director, Unibail-Rodamco, " The European Company: advantages and opportunities ", DECIDEURS Stratégie Finance Droit n ° 108, sept. 2009 ( available in French and English, see External links hereunder ).

Whilst being part of the European Union, the British overseas territory of Gibraltar has a separate legal jurisdiction from the United Kingdom and enjoys a different tax system.

The 1991 Council Directive 91 / 477 / EEC started the process of creating a new common legal system for gun owners in the EU, and introduced the European Firearms Pass for owners carrying firearms from one member state to another.

On 17 January 2012, the European Commission launched legal action against Hungary over the new central-bank law, judicial reforms, and the independence of the new data ombudsman.

The European Commission launched legal proceedings against Hungary on 17 January 2012.

The basis of most modern legal interpretations of human rights can be traced back to recent European history.

Since the passage of the Human Rights Act 1998, the courts have been able to declare an Act of Parliament to be incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights, but such a declaration of incompatibility has no legal effect unless and until it is acted upon by the government.

July 2005 saw the introduction of EUJUST LEX, the European Union's rule of law operation intended to train Iraqi police and legal officials in human rights along with other issues.

During the 17th century, the basic tenets of the Grotian or eclectic school, especially the doctrines of legal equality, territorial sovereignty, and independence of states, became the fundamental principles of the European political and legal system and were enshrined in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.

At a regional level, groups of states can create political and legal bodies with sometimes complicated patchworks of overlapping provisions detailing the jurisdictional relationships between the member states and providing for some degree of harmonization between their national legislative and judicial functions, for example, the European Union and African Union both have the potential to become federated states although the political barriers to such unification in the face of entrenched nationalism will be very difficult to overcome.

When discussing the issue of church and state separation, Linus also said, " Yeah, it's kind of ironic that in many European countries, there is actually a kind of legal binding between the state and the state religion.

Prices paid by European wood buyers are phenomenally high by local standards, and there is much pressure to utilize this opportunity for cash accumulation, even without legal permits.

Simultaneously, institutional and legal adjustments were continued, resulting from the accession to the European Union.

Cornwall 2000 need to show that they have exhausted all domestic legal avenues by having the case summarily dismissed by the High Court, the Appeal Court and the House of Lords, before the case can be put to the European Court of Human Rights.

Cross-border commerce ( legal or smuggled ) and Spanish and European grants and wages are the other income sources.

" No crime, no punishment without a previous penal law ") is a basic maxim in continental European legal thinking.