Fenian Monument – Queen's Park, Toronto, Canada ca.

In June 1999, the art deco, grade 1 listed garage on Fenian Street was illegally demolished by contractors working for the O ' Callaghan hotel group.

The Catalpa rescue was the escape, in 1876, of six Irish Fenian prisoners from what was then the British penal colony of Western Australia.

At the same time, two Fenian agents, John Breslin and Tom Desmond, had arrived in Western Australia in September.

James Wilson ( 6 February 1836 – November 1921 ) ( Séamas Mac Liammóir ) was a Fenian who was transported as a convict to Western Australia.

In 1876, the Catalpa sailed to Western Australia and rescued Wilson and five other Fenian prisoners.

Owen, David The Year of the Fenians: A Self-Guided Tour of Discovery and an Illustrated History of the Fenian Invasion of the Niagara Peninsula and the Battle of Ridgeway in 1866, Buffalo, NY: Western New York Heritage Institute, 1990.

* 23 February-Thomas McCarthy Fennell, Fenian political prisoner transported to Western Australia ( born 1841 ).

** The Wild Geese Memorial erected at Rockingham, Western Australia to commemorate the Catalpa rescue of Fenian prisoners

Goff was a committed Irish nationalist and in 1875 he played a prominent part in arranging for the rescue of six Fenian rebels imprisoned in a British penal colony in Western Australia.

As late as the 1860s, Fenian prisoners were being transported, particularly to Western Australia, where the Catalpa rescue of Irish radicals off Rockingham was a memorable episode.

The song is dedicated to a Fenian poet named John Boyle O ' Reilly, who was deported to Australia because of his poetry.

The Anti-Transportation League, a group founded in 1849 which was opposed to the transportation of convicts to Australia, argued that such a " Fenian " colony could separate from the British Empire, due to its then largely Irish Catholic make up.

Distinguished among the thousands of its past students was one the first ever Catholic bishops to be appointed in the United States, John England ; the man who single-handedly brought Catholicism to Australia, John Therry ; Ireland's first Cardinal, Paul Cullen ; the artist Frank O ' Meara ; the Young Irelander and land-reform theorist, James Fintan Lalor and the Fenian John O ' Leary, friend of W. B.

This mixture was known as " Fenian fire " and allegedly was used by disgruntled itinerant workers in Australia to cause delayed destruction of shabby sleeping quarters.

On 9 September 2005, a memorial was unveiled at Rockingham beach to commemorate the Catalpa rescue, the famous escape of six Irish Fenian convicts from Fremantle Prison on 17 – 18 April 1876.

On ‘ Ulster Day ’ 28 September 1912 over five hundred thousand Unionists signed the Ulster Covenant pledging to defy Home Rule by all means possible, drawn up by Irish Unionist leader Sir Edward Carson and organised by Sir James Craig, who in January 1911 had spoken of a feeling in Ulster that Germany and the German Emperor would be preferred to the ‘ rule of John Redmond, Patrick Ford ( veteran Fenian ) and the Molly Maguires '.

Bourke warned Devoy that there would be " kickers " and he would have to have a heavy hand to control the Clan na Gael and succeed in the project ( Proceedings of the United Brotherhood Convention, Cleveland Ohio September 1874 held at the Fenian archives at the Catholic University of America ).

In 1868, he was called to London, following the murder of a policeman in Manchester during a Fenian jailbreak in September 1867 and the bombing of Clerkenwell Gaol in another rescue attempt three months later.

Fenian leader John Devoy was born near Kill on September 3, 1842.

He was actively employed the following year in connexion with the Fenian raids from the United States, and was appointed Deputy Quartermaster-General in Canada on 1 October 1867.

In October, 1865, the Fenian Philadelphia Congress met and appointed the Irish Republican Government in the U. S. But in 1865, in Ireland, the IRB newspaper The Irish People had been raided by the police and the IRB leadership was imprisoned.

O ' Donoghue had by 1871 formed an association with the Fenian Brotherhood, and on 5 October of that year led a force of 35 men on a cross-border raid into Manitoba.

In December 1867, O ' Neill became president of the Roberts faction of the Fenian Brotherhood, which in the following year held a great convention in Philadelphia attended by over 400 properly accredited delegates, while 6, 000 Fenian soldiers, armed and in uniform, paraded the streets.

In the December North Kilkenny by-election, he attracted Fenian " hillside men " to his side.

Finally, after spending over 15 years behind bars, word came through that Clarke was to be released as part of a general amnesty on Fenian prisoners.

Sabotaged by Fenians on its crew, the U. S. Navy's side-wheeler gunboat did not begin intercepting Fenian reinforcements until 2: 15 p. m .— fourteen hours after Owen Starr's advance party had first crossed the river in advance of O ' Neill's main force.

Their presence was explicitly because of the threat of Fenian attack or terrorism, as were the large numbers of troops on the first train.

It had first been produced following the Fenian Raids for the Leith Rifles, which became No. 3 Company, 31st Grey Battalion.

It resulted in O ' Brien himself becoming actively involved with the Fenian brotherhood, resigning in the mid-1870s, because of what he described in ' Evening Memories ' ( p. 443 – 4 ) as " the gloom of inevitable failure and horrible punishment inseparable from any attempt at separation by force of arms ".

Among the 280 convicts on board were 62 Fenian military and political prisoners — members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood — six of whom managed to escape the Convict Establishment in the Catalpa rescue of 1876.

* James Wilson ( Irish nationalist ) ( 1836 – 1921 ), Fenian involved in the Catalpa rescue of 1876

This would be the only Fenian attack, other than the Quebec raid several days later, that would be actually launched in June 1866.

Another battle followed there that saw several Canadians severely wounded and the surrender of a large group of local Canadian militia that had moved into the Fenian rear.

In 1940, when the invasion of Britain seemed imminent, the phosphorus firm of Albright and Wilson suggested that the British government use a material similar to Fenian fire in several expedient incendiary weapons.

In addition to battling the armies of other European Empires ( and of its former colonies, the United States, in the American War of 1812 ), in the battle for global supremacy, the British Army fought the Chinese in the First and Second Opium Wars, and the Boxer Rebellion, Māori tribes in the first of the New Zealand Wars, Nawab Shiraj-ud-Daula's forces and British East India Company mutineers in the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the Boers in the First and Second Boer Wars, Irish Fenians in Canada during the Fenian raids and Irish separatists in the Anglo-Irish War.

* 1866 – Fenian raids: Fenians are victorious in both the Battle of Ridgeway and the Battle of Fort Erie.

In June 1866, the US Army arrested 700 Fenian troops at Buffalo and the Fenians gave up on their attempt to invade Canada.

In 1881, Fenian Ram was launched, but soon after, Holland and the Fenians parted company angrily, primarily due to issues of payment within the Fenian organization, and between the Fenians and Holland.

Although they worked to get Home Rulers elected, many Fenians along with tenant farmers were dissatisfied with Butt's gentlemanly approach to have bills enacted, although they did not openly attack him, as his defence of the Fenian prisoners in ' 67 still stood in his favour.

In Canada, Arthur, as an officer with the Montreal detachment of the Rifle Brigade, undertook a year's training and engaged in defending the Dominion from the Fenian Raids ; there had initially been concern that the Fenians and their supporters in the United States might harm the Prince, but it was decided his military duty was primary.

Its counterpart in the United States of America was organized by John O ' Mahony and became known as the Fenian Brotherhood ( later Clan na Gael ). The members of both wings of the movement are often referred to as " Fenians ".

* John O ' Neill ( Fenian ) ( 1834 – 1878 ), member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood ( Fenians )

Public support for the Fenian movement in Ireland grew in November 1861 with the funeral of Terence MacManus, a member of the Irish Confederation, which Stephens and the Fenians had organised and which was attended by between twenty thousand and thirty thousand people.

In 1866, the Fenians had split into two factions, with the original faction, led by Fenian founders James Stephens and John O ' Mahony focused more on fundraising for rebels in Ireland.

( The Fenian strength at Ridgeway had been reduced by desertions and deployments of Fenians in other locations in the area overnight.

An additional 200-400 Fenians and supplies crossed later during the morning and early afternoon until the US Navy gunboat, the USS Michigan, began intercepting Fenian barges at 2: 20 p. m. — 13 hours after the first Fenian advance party landed in Canada.

In 1866 during the so-called Fenian Raids by Irish-American ex-soldiers who invaded Canadian territory, the 47th assisted in the defence of Canadian territory against the Fenians.

During the Fenian Raid he commanded the ' war tug ' WS Robb and fought with his men against the Fenians in Fort Erie on the afternoon of June 2.

The level of American support for the Fenian cause began to diminish as the Fenians were seen as a threat to stability in the region.

Many Fenians were arrested, including O ' Reilly ( see Fenian Rising ).

While the Fenians had a considerable presence in rural Ireland, the Fenian Rising launched in 1867 was a fiasco and was contained by police rather than the British military.

Although the Fenians had some success in infiltrating army units and had a considerable presence in parts of Ireland, the British took steps to remove seditious army units from Ireland and the rebellion was launched against the better judgement of the IRB leadership on the urgings of the American based Fenian Brotherhood.