* Feudal society-bureaucratic feudalism-Tang to the First Opium War

* History of the Great Feudal War

Feudal conflicts over land, political power, and influence eventually culminated in the Genpei War between the Taira and Minamoto clans, and a large number of smaller clans allied with one side or the other.

During the Great Feudal War in the Grand Duchy of Moscow, Tver once again rose to prominence and concluded defensive alliances with Lithuania, Novgorod, Byzantium, and the Golden Horde.

Vasily II of Moscow, engaged in the Great Feudal War against his cousins, was defeated in a battle near Suzdal, and was forced to pay ransom to the Kazan khan.

Dmitry Shemyaka and other local princes pressed their claims to the Muscovite crown, and three of them actually took possession of the Kremlin in the course of the Great Feudal War.

Feudal levies could only be raised for a fixed length of time before they returned home, forcing an end to a campaign ; mercenary forces, often called Brabançons after the Duchy of Brabant but actually recruited from across northern Europe, could operate all year long and provide a commander with more strategic options to pursue a campaign, but cost much more than equivalent feudal forces.

In 1972 historian Arthur Zuckerman published A Jewish Princedom in Feudal France, a book about the dynasty of Makhir of Narbonne published by Columbia University Press.

The ensuing 3-year conflict will later be known as the First Opium War.

* 1842 – Treaty of Nanking signing ends the First Opium War.

Among these actions were the Seven Years ' War, the American Revolutionary War, the Napoleonic Wars, the First and Second Opium Wars, the Boxer Rebellion, the New Zealand land wars, the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the First and Second Boer Wars, the Fenian raids, the Irish War of Independence, its serial interventions into Afghanistan ( which were meant to maintain a friendly buffer state between British India and the Russian Empire ), and the Crimean War ( to keep the Russian Empire at a safe distance by coming to Turkey's aid ).

In addition to battling the armies of other European Empires ( and of its former colonies, the United States, in the American War of 1812 ), in the battle for global supremacy, the British Army fought the Chinese in the First and Second Opium Wars, and the Boxer Rebellion, Māori tribes in the first of the New Zealand Wars, Nawab Shiraj-ud-Daula's forces and British East India Company mutineers in the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the Boers in the First and Second Boer Wars, Irish Fenians in Canada during the Fenian raids and Irish separatists in the Anglo-Irish War.

The defeat by the British Empire in the First Opium War ( 1840 ) led to the Treaty of Nanjing ( 1842 ), under which Hong Kong was ceded and opium import was legitimized.

For example, in the Opium War in China, during the 19th century, British battleships bombarded the coastal areas and fortifications from afar, safe from the reach of the Chinese cannon.

For instance, many periodization schemes use the First Opium War as the starting point for the modern period.

In 1856 France joined the Second Opium War on the British side against China ; a missionary's murder was used as a pretext to take interests in southwest Asia in the Treaty of Tientsin.

* 1839 – In Humen, China, Lin Tse-hsü destroys 1. 2 million kg of opium confiscated from British merchants, providing Britain with a casus belli to open hostilities, resulting in the First Opium War.

* 1857 – Second Opium War: France and the United Kingdom declare war on China.

* Nemesis ( 1839 ), a British warship of the East India Company, used in the First Opium War

* 1856 – The Second Opium War between several western powers and China begins with the Arrow Incident on the Pearl River.

* 1860 – The Second Opium War finally ends at the Convention of Peking with the ratification of the Treaty of Tientsin, an unequal treaty.

It was not until 1861 — a year after losing the Second Opium War to the Anglo-French coalition — that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a proper foreign affairs office known as the Zongli Yamen.

In 1860, during the Second Opium War, the capital Beijing was captured and the Summer Palace sacked by a relatively small Anglo-French coalition force numbering 25, 000.

In the 19th century, the threat to the balance of payments of the United Kingdom from Chinese merchants demanding payment in silver in exchange for tea, silk, and porcelain led to the Opium War because Britain had to find a way to address the imbalance in the balance of payments, and they decided to do so by selling opium produced in their colony of British India to China.

* 1860 – In the Second Opium War, an Anglo-French force defeats Chinese troops at the Battle of Palikao.

The city was one of several opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the First Opium War and the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking which allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement.

During the First Opium War ( 1839 – 1842 ), British forces occupied the city.

The Treaty of Nanking ( or Nanjing ) was signed on 29 August 1842 to mark the end of the First Opium War ( 1839 – 42 ) between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Qing Dynasty of China.

In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war.

In addition, China's population which had remained constant at 400 million from the Opium War to the end of the Civil War, mushroomed to 700 million as of Mao's death.

After the Xianfeng emperor and his entourage fled Beijing, the June 1858 Treaty of Tianjin was finally ratified by the emperor's brother, Yixin, the Prince Gong, in the Convention of Peking on 18 October 1860, bringing The Second Opium War to an end.

In 1857 he became High Commissioner to China and travelled to China and Japan in 1858-59, where he led the bombing of Canton and oversaw the end of the Second Opium War by signing the Treaties of Tianjin on 26 June 1858.

Tai-Pan is a novel written by James Clavell about European and American traders who move into Hong Kong in 1842 following the end of the First Opium War.

On the Hamilton, Ward sailed from New York to Hong Kong in 1847, but probably saw little beyond the port city because the Qing Dynasty forbade foreigners from venturing inland ( Hong Kong Island had become a British Crown Colony in 1842, at the end of the First Opium War ).

In June 1858, at the end of the first part of the Second Opium War, the Treaties of Tianjin were signed, which opened Tianjin to foreign trade.

* 1839 – United Kingdom declared First Opium War on the Qing Dynasty of China.

* The First Opium War between the United Kingdom and the Qing Empire of China started in 1839.

The Joseon court was aware of the foreign invasions and treaties involving Qing China, as well as the First and Second Opium Wars, and followed a cautious policy of slow exchange with the West.

The Second Opium War, the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a war pitting the British Empire and the Second French Empire against the Qing Dynasty of China, lasting from 1856 to 1860.

However, there were some considerable naval conflicts during the Qing Dynasty before the First Opium War ( such as the Battle of Penghu, or the conflict against Koxinga ).

During the Second Opium War, he was one of the chief architects of Qing foreign policy and he repudiated many of the treaties that were concluded in the late 1850s, in particular the territorial concessions in the Sino-Russian Treaty of Aigun.

The city was nothing but a small fishing village until the late 19th century when it became a treaty port for the British, handed over by the falling Qing Dynasty, which had been defeated in the Opium War.

After suffering its first defeat to the West in the First Opium War in 1842, the Qing court struggled to contain foreign intrusions into China.

Following defeat in the Second Opium War, the Qing tried to modernize by adopting certain Western technologies through the Self-Strengthening Movement from 1861.

Following the Opium War, Russia forced the Qing to sign the Treaty of Aigun and Convention of Peking, under which China lost all territories north of Heilongjiang ( Amur ) and east of Ussuri, including Sakhalin, to Russia.

It was implemented in the aftermath of the First Opium War between Great Britain and Chinese Qing Dynasty involving the Hong Kong islands.

This battle was the first of many decisive victories of the British over the Qing Dynasty's military in the First Opium War.

Since the defeat of the Qing Dynasty during the First ( 1839 – 1842 ) and Second Opium Wars ( 1856 – 1860 ), student activism has played a significant role in the modern Chinese history.

As a theory, the Open Door Policy originates with British commercial practice, as was reflected in treaties concluded with Qing Dynasty China after the First Opium War ( 1839 – 1842 ).

In 1860 during the Second Opium War, Yixin was appointed as an Imperial Envoy with Full Authority ( 全權欽差大臣 ) and ordered to remain in the capital Beijing to negotiate with the British, French and Russians on behalf of the Qing government.

After losing the Opium War, a series of treaties were forced upon the Qing Dynasty gave away land and ports to the European powers, these were known as the Unequal Treaties.

When the Qing Chinese government was terrified by the advance of the Anglo-French expedition of 1860 and the burning of the Summer Palace in the Second Opium War, he worked on their fears so dexterously that, in the Convention of Peking, he obtained for Russia Outer Manchuria – not only the left bank of the Amur, the original object of the mission, but also a large extent of territory and seacoast south of that river that would become the Russian Maritime Province.

In the early 19th century, Britain's victory over Qing China in the First Opium War forced China to sign an unequal treaty, though the Qing court described this to the Chinese people as a simple act of generosity toward the Europeans, and maintained the concept of supreme tianxia.

Opium use in China had a long history however British importation of opium, which began in 1781 increased fivefold between 1821 and 1837, and the Qing government's attitude towards opium, which was often ambivalent, hardened as usage of the drug spread more widely across Chinese society.

* Opium Wars in China was a process from 1830's to 1852 which saw the Qing Dynasty intervening to stop British opium smuggling markets in coastal parts of China.