* Formats with lossless compression, such as FLAC, Monkey's Audio ( filename extension APE ), WavPack ( filename extension WV ), TTA, ATRAC Advanced Lossless, Apple Lossless ( filename extension m4a ), MPEG-4 SLS, MPEG-4 ALS, MPEG-4 DST, Windows Media Audio Lossless ( WMA Lossless ), and Shorten ( SHN ).

Formats include single-decker bus, double-decker bus ( both usually with a rigid chassis ) and articulated bus ( or ' bendy-bus ') the prevalence of which varies from country to country.

Spirou et les hommes-bulles ( Spirou and the Bubble Men, 1959 ); followed by Les petits formats ( The Small Formats, 1960 ); both with Roba ( art ).

* Verification Policy Committee-to maintain compliance of DVD products with the DVD Formats adopted by the DVD Forum

Formats that use delimiter-separated values ( also DSV ) store two-dimensional arrays of data by separating the values in each row with specific delimiter characters.

Formats are almost uniformly proprietary ; there is no industry standard for satellite navigation maps, although Navteq are currently trying to address this with S-Dal ( see below ).

It was the first Wildhearts single to be released on multiple formats ( Formats: CD1 ( MUSH6CD ), CD2 ( MUSH6CDX ), 7 " Vinyl ( MUSH6S )) with different b-sides on each format, which caused some uproar at the time from longtime fans of the band.

Formats are chosen such that they can be used on any major platform with little hassle.

* Vernacular of File Formats, a guide to different compression artifacts from the most used file formats

It also features integrated Samba file sharing and additional support for Windows Media Player Formats and H. 264 and improved support for USB devices, among other incremental UI improvements ( particularly in the direction of finger-friendliness ).

* RFC 4856 – Media Type Registration of Payload Formats in the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences – audio / L8 and audio / L16 ( March 2007 )

* WikiRecording's Guide to Audio File Formats for Recording

Obsolete Audio Formats,

" Perceptual Discrimination of Digital Coding Formats ", Audio Engineering Society Convention Paper 6086, May 2004.

Formats like ProDigi and DASH were referred to as SDAT ( Stationary-head Digital Audio Tape ) formats, as opposed to formats like the PCM adaptor-based systems and DAT, which were referred to as RDAT ( Rotating-head Digital Audio Tape ) formats, due to their helical-scan process of recording.

* act-ACT is a lossy ADPCM 8 kbit / s compressed audio format recorded by most Chinese MP3 and MP4 players with a recording function, and voice recorders

Wave files can also contain data encoded with a variety of ( lossy ) codecs to reduce the file size ( for example the GSM or MP3 formats ).

Other types of lossy compressors, such as the linear predictive coding ( LPC ) used with speech, are source-based coders.

While data reduction ( compression, be it lossy or lossless ) is a main goal of transform coding, it also allows other goals: one may represent data more accurately for the original amount of space – for example, in principle, if one starts with an analog or high-resolution digital master, an MP3 file of a given size should provide a better representation than a raw uncompressed audio in WAV or AIFF file of the same size.

If data which has been compressed lossily is decoded and compressed losslessly, the size of the result can be comparable with the size of the data before lossy compression, but the data already lost cannot be recovered.

When deciding to use lossy conversion without keeping the original, one should remember that format conversion may be needed in the future to achieve compatibility with software or devices ( format shifting ), or to avoid paying patent royalties for decoding or distribution of compressed files.

* JPEG XR, another successor of JPEG with support for high dynamic range, wide gamut pixel formats ( lossless or lossy compression )

Lossless audio formats are most often used for archiving or production purposes, with smaller lossy audio files being typically used on portable players and in other cases where storage space is limited and / or exact replication of the audio is unnecessary.

Today MiniDiscs can hold data files as well as music, with the ability to record and reproduce audio in CD-quality ( without ATRAC lossy compression ).

A transmission line of finite length ( lossless or lossy ) that is terminated at one end with a resistor equal to the characteristic impedance appears to the source like an infinitely long transmission line.

Additionally, when using Fourier analysis techniques for waves in a lossy medium, the resulting attenuation is easier to deal with using complex Fourier coefficients.

ATRAC Advanced Lossless provides " scalable " compression ; it records a lossy ATRAC3 or ATRAC3plus stream, and supplements it, in the same file, with a stream of correction information that allows the original signal to be reproduced, if desired.

Standard AIFF is a leading format ( along with SDII and WAV ) used by professional-level audio and video applications, and unlike the better-known lossy MP3 format, it is non-compressed ( which aids rapid streaming of multiple audio files from disk to the application ), and lossless.

The extracted audio can then be encoded with a lossy codec like MP3, Vorbis, WMA or AAC.

However, since we know that most lossy compression techniques operate on data that will be perceived by human consumers ( listening to music, watching pictures and video ) the distortion measure should preferably be modeled on human perception and perhaps aesthetics: much like the use of probability in lossless compression, distortion measures can ultimately be identified with loss functions as used in Bayesian estimation and decision theory.

* Audio compression ( data ), a type of lossy compression in which the amount of data in a recorded waveform is reduced for transmission with some loss of quality, used in CD and MP3 encoding, Internet radio, and the like

Copies are the only objects within VR environments that are simulated in full detail, everything else being produced with varying levels of generalisation, lossy compression, and hashing at all times.

Low loss feedline would have minimal loss when tuned with an ATU whereas a " lossy " feedline / antenna combination of the same SWR could have significant loss.

Some of these are as simple as spectrum analysis, but since most image and audio files these days are compressed with lossy compression algorithms, such as JPEG and MP3, they also attempt to look for inconsistencies in the way this data has been compressed.

When comparing the image quality achieved by digital zoom with image quality achieved by resizing the image in post-processing, there's a difference between cameras that perform potentially lossy image compression like JPEG, and those that save images in an always lossless Raw image format.

WavPack also incorporates a " hybrid " mode which still provides the features of lossless compression, but it creates two files: a relatively small, high-quality, lossy file (. wv ) that can be used by itself ; and a " correction " file (. wvc ) that, when combined with the lossy file, provides full lossless restoration.

Various concerts are available from 2000 to present in lossless formats SHN or FLAC and the lossy format VBR MP3, with the majority coming from the years 2002-2004.

A cylinder's compression ratio is computed by comparing the cylinder's volume, or its displacement, with the total volume of the cylinder and its combustion chamber.

The compression ratio arrived at with the formula will be the same regardless of whether cubic inches or cubic centimeters are used.

This method of computing compression ratio cannot be used accurately for engines that have pistons with either domed or irregularly shaped heads.

His structures echo natural forms, with columns like tree trunks supporting branching vaulting under the roadway, and the curves of vaulting and alignment of sloping columns designed in a similar way to his Church of Colònia Güell so that the inverted catenary arch shapes form perfect compression structures.

A diesel engine operates under even more extreme conditions, with compression ratios of 20: 1 or more being typical, in order to provide a very high gas temperature which ensures immediate ignition of injected fuel.

Level compression is not to be confused with audio data compression, where the amount of data is reduced without affecting the amplitude of the sound it represents.

Solid compression does have disadvantages as compared with compressing within the archive:

Fractional bandwidth is used for wideband antennas because of the compression of the percent bandwidth that occurs mathematically with percent bandwidths above 100 %, which corresponds to a fractional bandwidth of 3: 1.

His first " continuous tension – discontinuous compression " geodesic dome ( full sphere in this case ) was constructed at the University of Oregon Architecture School in 1959 with the help of students.

A codec ( the program ) should not be confused with a coding or compression format or standard – a format is a document ( the standard ), a way of storing data, while a codec is a program ( an implementation ) which can read or write such files.

When the piston has moved up to the top of its stroke inside the cylinder, and the remaining volume inside the head or combustion chamber has been reduced to 100 cc, then the compression ratio would be proportionally described as 1000: 100, or with fractional reduction, a 10: 1 compression ratio.

This occurs because internal combustion engines are heat engines, and higher efficiency is created because higher compression ratios permit the same combustion temperature to be reached with less fuel, while giving a longer expansion cycle, creating more mechanical power output and lowering the exhaust temperature.

Recently, with the addition of variable valve timing and knock sensors to delay ignition timing, it is possible to manufacture gasoline engines with compression ratios of over 11: 1 that can use 87 ( MON + RON )/ 2 ( octane rating ) fuel.

Mazda is in 2012 releasing new petrol engines under the brand name SkyActiv with 14: 1 compression ratio, to be used in all Mazda vehicles by 2015.

Motorcycle racing engines can use compression ratios as high as 14: 1, and it is not uncommon to find motorcycles with compression ratios above 12. 0: 1 designed for 86 or 87 octane fuel.

Measuring the compression pressure of an engine, with a pressure gauge connected to the spark plug opening, gives an indication of the engine's state and quality.

This ratio is higher with more conservative ( i. e., earlier, soon after BDC ) intake cam timing, and lower with more radical ( i. e., later, long after BDC ) intake cam timing, but always lower than the static or " nominal " compression ratio.

An engine with high static compression ratio and late intake valve closure will have a DCR similar to an engine with lower compression but earlier intake valve closure.