* Russell, Frederick H. “ Just War ” in The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy, edited by Robert Pasnau and Christina Van Dyke.

* The Australian Impressionists, including Frederick McCubbin and Tom Roberts who were prominent members of the Heidelberg School and John Peter Russell a friend of Van Gogh, Rodin, Monet and Matisse as well as Rupert Bunny, Agnes Goodsir and Hugh Ramsay.

* 1861 – Frederick Russell Burnham, American scout and adventurer ( d. 1947 )

Baden-Powell wrote the principles of Scouting in Scouting for Boys ( London, 1908 ), based on his earlier military books, with influence and support of Frederick Russell Burnham ( Chief of Scouts in British Africa ), Ernest Thompson Seton of the Woodcraft Indians, William Alexander Smith of the Boys ' Brigade, and his publisher Pearson.

In 1896, Baden-Powell was assigned to the Matabeleland region in Southern Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) as Chief of Staff to Gen. Frederick Carrington during the Second Matabele War, and it was here that he first met and began a lifelong friendship with Frederick Russell Burnham, the American born Chief of Scouts for the British.

In 1909, Frederick F. Russell, a U. S. Army physician, developed an American typhoid vaccine and two years later his vaccination program became the first in which an entire army was immunized.

The discovery of copper is owed partly to an American scout, Frederick Russell Burnham, who in 1895 lead and oversaw the massive Northern Territories ( BSA ) Exploration Co. expedition which established for the Western world that major copper deposits existed in Central Africa.

The discovery of copper is owed partly to Frederick Russell Burnham, the famous American scout who worked for Cecil Rhodes.

* May 11 – Frederick Russell Burnham, American scouter ( d. 1947 )

For instance, the residents of Camp Skagway Number One included: William Howard Taft, who went on to become a U. S. President ; Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated American scout who arrived from Africa only to be called back to take part in the Second Boer War ; and W. W. White, author and explorer.

The Australian collection includes works by Charles Blackman, John Brack, Arthur Boyd, Louis Buvelot, Rupert Bunny, Nicholas Chevalier, Charles Conder, David Davies, William Dobell, Russell Drysdale, E. Phillips Fox, John Glover, Eugene von Guerard, Hans Heysen, George W. Lambert, Sydney Long, John Longstaff, Frederick McCubbin, Sidney Nolan, John Perceval, Margaret Preston, Hugh Ramsay, Tom Roberts, John Russell, Grace Cossington Smith, Arthur Streeton, Fred Williams and others.

Frederick Russell Burnham in Africa

* Frederick Russell Burnham was an American scout for the British South Africa Company who served in both the First Matabele War ( 1893-94 ) and the Second Matabele War ( 1896-97 ).

Once partisan feelings became tense and hostilities began, Frederick Russell Burnham, who later became a celebrated scout and the inspiration for the boy scouts, was drawn into the conflict on the losing side.

Frederick Russell Burnham | Major Burnham with BSA Troop, Carlsbad Caverns, 1941

Boy Scouting was founded by Robert Baden Powell in England and co-founded by the American Scout Major Frederick Russell Burnham.

Throughout the 1940s, Frederick Russell Burnham served as the Honorary President of the Roosevelt Council Boy Scouts.

The Scouts first became interested in the sheep through the efforts of Major Frederick Russell Burnham.

On May 11, 1941, the Boy Scouts of America honored Major Frederick Russell Burnham on his eightieth birthday, at Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico.

* Frederick Russell Burnham participated on the losing side in the real-life Tonto Basin Feud and narrowly escaped alive.

from left to right: Winston Spencer Churchill, Judd Dunning Blick, John Charles Blick, Frederick Russell Burnham.

* Frederick Russell Burnham ( May 11, 1861-September 1, 1947 ), best known for his service in the First Matabele War, Second Matabele War, the Second Boer War, and for teaching woodcraft ( i. e., scoutcraft ) to Robert Baden-Powell, becoming one of the inspirations to the founding of the Boy Scouts and recognized today as the father of the international scouting movement.

* 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.

In 1190, Frederick Barbarossa participated in the Third Crusade and died in Asia Minor.

Frederick died in 1190 while on the Third Crusade and was succeeded by his son, Henry VI.

* 1190 – Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the river Saleph while leading an army to Jerusalem.

The capture of the city led to the Third Crusade, launched in 1189 and led by Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus and Frederick Barbarossa, though the last drowned en route.

Frederick had reneged on his promise to lead the Fifth Crusade, but was now eager to cement his claim to the throne through Conrad.

Frederick finally arrived on the Sixth Crusade in September 1228, and claimed the regency of the kingdom in the name of his infant son.

* 1229 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor declares himself King of Jerusalem during the Sixth Crusade.

" The operation was named after Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire, a leader of the Third Crusade in the 12th century.

Gregory IX began his pontificate by suspending the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, then lying sick at Otranto, for dilatoriness in carrying out the promised Sixth Crusade.

Philip went on the Third Crusade ( 1189 – 1192 ) with Richard I of England and the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa.

* 1228 – Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II landed in Acre, Palestine and started the Sixth Crusade, which resulted in a peaceful restitution of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

* 1228-1229 — Sixth Crusade under the excommunicated Frederick II Hohenstaufen, who returns Jerusalem to the Crusader States.

* February 18 – Sixth Crusade: Frederick II signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.

* March 18 – Sixth Crusade: Frederick II crowns himself King of Jerusalem.

* June 28 – The Sixth Crusade is launched from Brindisi by Emperor Frederick II, after delays due to sickness and an excommunication from Pope Gregory IX.

Tannhäuser was an active courtier at the court of Frederick II of Austria ( 1230 – 1246 ), and the Codex Manesse ( 1340 ) depicts him clad in the Teutonic Order habit, suggesting he might have fought the Fifth Crusade ( 1213 – 21 ).

Frederick embarked on the Third Crusade ( 1189 ), a massive expedition in conjunction with the French, led by king Philip Augustus, and the English, under Richard the Lionheart.

* June 10 – Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem.

* First Council of Lyon: Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II is excommunicated and deposed, and the Seventh Crusade is proclaimed.

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, had involved himself broadly in the Fifth Crusade, sending troops from Germany, but he failed to accompany the army directly, despite the encouragement of Honorius III and later Gregory IX, as he needed to consolidate his position in Germany and Italy before embarking on a crusade.

Instead of heading straight for the Holy Land, Frederick first sailed to Cyprus, which had been an imperial fiefdom since its capture by Richard the Lionheart on his way to Acre during the Third Crusade.

After his coronation in 1220, Frederick remained either in the Kingdom of Sicily or on Crusade until 1236, when he made his last journey to Germany.

In 1225, after agreeing with pope Honorius to launch a Crusade not after 1227, Frederick summoned an imperial diet at Cremona, the main pro-imperial city in Lombardy: the main arguments would be the struggle against heresy, the organization of the crusade and, above all, the restoration of the imperial power in northern Italy, which had been long usurped by the numerous communes there.

During his sojourn in northern Italy, Frederick also invested the Teutonic Order with the territories in what would become East Prussia, starting what was later called the Northern Crusade.