Clausewitz served in the Rhine Campaigns ( 1793 – 1794 ) including the Siege of Mainz, when the Prussian army invaded France during the French Revolution, and served in the Napoleonic Wars from 1806 to 1815.

During the Franco-Prussian War, at the Battle of Mars-la-Tour in 1870, a Prussian cavalry brigade decisively smashed the centre of the French battle line, after skilfully concealing their approach.

Earlier dragoon responsibilities for scouting and picket duty had passed to hussars and similar light cavalry corps in the French, Austrian, Prussian, and other armies.

The electrical telegraph, or more commonly just ' telegraph ', superseded optical semaphore telegraph systems, such as those designed by Claude Chappe for the French military, and Friedrich Clemens Gerke for the Prussian military, thus becoming the first form of electrical telecommunications.

During the Siege of Paris in 1871, the North German Confederation, supported by its allies from southern Germany, formed the German Empire with the proclamation of the Prussian king Wilhelm I as German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, to the humiliation of the French, who ceased to resist only days later.

* 1807 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Eylau – Napoléon's French Empire begins fighting against Russian and Prussian forces of the Fourth Coalition at Eylau, Poland.

In the Brunswick Manifesto, the Imperial and Prussian armies threatened retaliation on the French population if it were to resist their advance or the reinstatement of the monarchy.

When the Brunswick Manifesto of July 1792 once more threatened the French population with Austrian ( Imperial ) and Prussian attacks, Louis XVI was suspected of treason and taken along with his family from the Tuileries Palace in August 1792 by insurgents supported by a new revolutionary Paris Commune.

When France was negotiating with the Netherlands about purchasing Luxembourg in 1867, the Prussian Kingdom threatened the French government with war.

This " Luxembourg Crisis " came as a shock to French diplomats as there previously was an agreement between the Prussian and French governments about Luxembourg.

However in 1845, after receiving a request from the Prussian king, the French government agreed to shut down Vorwärts !, and furthermore, Marx himself was expelled from France by the interior minister François Guizot.

Luxembourg, somewhat diminished in size ( as the medieval lands had been slightly reduced by the French and Prussian heirs ), was augmented in another way through the elevation to the status of grand duchy and placed under the rule of William I of the Netherlands.

* 1870 – Marshal François Achille Bazaine surrenders to Prussian forces at Metz along with 140, 000 French soldiers in one of the biggest French defeats of the Franco-Prussian War.

* 1806 – Believing he was facing a much larger force, Prussian Lieutenant General Friedrich von Romberg, commanding 5, 300 men, surrendered the city of Stettin to 800 French soldiers commanded by General Lassalle.

Much of Clausewitz's thinking was based on his experience as a Prussian war planner concerned with how to use popular forces in an insurrectionary struggle against the much-superior French forces which occupied Prussia after 1806 — how, in short, to wage a " Spanish War in Germany.

It was formed from the northern part of the French Occupation Zone, which included parts of Bavaria ( the Rhenish Palatinate ), the southern parts of the Prussian Rhine Province ( including the District of Birkenfeld which formerly belonged to Oldenburg ), parts of the Prussian Province of Nassau ( see Hesse-Nassau ), and parts of Hesse-Darmstadt ( Rhinehessen on the western banks of the Rhine ); the constitution was legally confirmed by referendum on 18 May 1947.

The stunning Prussian victory over the Second French Empire in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 is sometimes partly credited to the training of Prussian officers with the game Kriegspiel, which was invented around 1811 and gained popularity with many officers in the Prussian army.

Each day after breakfast, they marched to a large wardrobe building, donned their French, British or Prussian uniforms and fifteen minutes later were in position.

After a couple of hours, another Prussian corps arrived on the battlefield to link with the British army, sealing the fate of the French force.

In some countries, some other officials also wear uniforms in their duties ; such is the case of the Commissioned Corps of the United States Public Health Service or the French prefects.

The uniforms of the Carlist Zouaves included the baggy trousers, short jacket, vest and sash of both the French and Pontifical Zouaves.

One complication arising from the use of non-national troops occurred at the Battle of Bailén in 1808 when the " red Swiss " ( so-called from their uniforms ) of the invading French Army clashed bloodily with " blue Swiss " in the Spanish service.

With visibility reduced, the French mistook the white uniforms of their Saxon allies from the Schützen and Grenadier battalions, believing them to be Austrians and promptly firing at them, which triggered a precipitated retreat of these men.

The costume designer for Captain Scarlet was Sylvia Anderson, who was influenced by the work of French fashion designer Pierre Cardin, in particular his 1966 " Cosmonaut " collection, in designing the Spectrum uniforms.

In 2010 they wore new clothes when the summer tour began in Hässleholm, Sweden, dressed as what could be described as a mix between old French soldiers ' uniforms and boy scouts ' uniforms.

They wore French uniforms, flak jackets and helmets, were armed with French weapons and drove a French armoured personnel carrier ( APC )-all stolen from UN troops detained outside the city.

After the signing of the treaty French supplies of arms, ammunition, and uniforms proved vital for the Continental Army, while their increased presence in the West Indies forced Britain to redeploy troops and naval units away from the North American colonies to secure their holdings in the Caribbean.

The colour magenta is named after the battle, most likely referring to the uniforms used by Zouave French troops.

The unit's aircraft, mechanics, and uniforms were French, as was the commander, Captain Georges Thenault.

These African-American soldiers wore American uniforms, some dating from the time of the Union Army, with French helmets and were armed with French Model 1907 / 15 8mm Lebel Berthier rifles manufactured by Remington Arms rather than M1903 Springfield or M1917 Enfield rifles issued to most American soldiers.

In the modern French Army, epaulettes are still worn by those units retaining historical full dress uniforms, notably the ESM Saint-Cyr ) and the Garde Républicaine.

The men were issued French helmets and brown leather belts and pouches, although they continued to wear their U. S. uniforms.

The famed Swiss Guard regiment, the most senior of the twelve Swiss mercenary regiments in French service, was essentially identical to the French Guards in organization and equipment, other than wearing a red uniform as opposed to the blue uniforms of the French Guards.

The Free French General immediately asked them why they wore a German uniform, to which one of them replied by asking the General why he wore an American one ( the Free French wore modified US army uniforms ).

Subsequently, by the way of Murmansk, he arrived in France in July 1918, where on behalf of the Polish National Committee he created what was known as the Blue Army ( from the color of its French uniforms, also known as Haller's Army ).

He was unable to send any more help to his allies on the Continent, and during the next few years many of them, left to resist French pressure unaided, surrendered to the inevitable and made their peace with Philip.

The Chickasaws finally were the occasion for the most disastrous wars during the French control of Louisiana.

The novel has been read as a metaphorical treatment of the French resistance to Nazi occupation during World War II.

The different attitudes of the characters reflect different attitudes in the French population during the occupation.

He was a regent for the French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems during the Nazi occupation of Vichy France which implemented the eugenics policies there ; his association with the Foundation led to allegations of collaborating with the Nazis.

Renan's head was turned away from the building, while Athena, beside him, was depicted raising her arm, which was interpreted as indicating a challenge to the church during an anti-clerical phase in French official culture.

Bloch was shot by the Gestapo during the German occupation of France in World War II for his active membership of the French Resistance, and Febvre carried on the Annales approach in the 1940s and 1950s.

* 1793 – The insurrection of Lyon occurs during the French Revolution.

Ampère was born on 20 January 1775 to Jean-Jacques Ampère, a prosperous businessman, and Jeanne Antoinette Desutières-Sarcey Ampère during the height of the French Enlightenment.

The French Revolution ( 1787 – 99 ) that began during his youth was also influential: Ampère ’ s father was called into public service by the new revolutionary government, becoming a justice of the peace in a small town near Lyon.

His father, for example, was guillotined during the French Revolution and his wife died shortly after their marriage.

* Albert, Somme a French Commune, site of three battles during the First World War

* Celestino Alfonso, Spanish republican and volunteer fighter in the French resistance during World War II.

* 1799 – The entire Dutch fleet is captured by British forces under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell during the Second Coalition of the French Revolutionary Wars.

* 1915 – French pilot Roland Garros is shot down and glides to a landing on the German side of the lines during World War I.

* 1864 – Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg is proclaimed emperor of Mexico during the French intervention in Mexico.

The reality is that Micheline Musseli Pozzo di Borgo, a French aristocrat who at 20 was France's youngest lawyer ever, brought considerable wealth to her marriage to Lerner and lost most of it through him, including nearly $ 600, 000 from the sale of her Parisian apartment, which Lerner placed in investments that either failed or were looted by him during periods of financial desperation.

The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress in the aftermath of the French Revolution and during an undeclared naval war with Britain and France, later known as the Quasi-War.

Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favour of gunmetals and other mixed alloys but by the end of the first Millennium AD brass artefacts are found in Scandinavian graves in Scotland, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in Northumbria and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of brass in Germany and The Low Countries areas rich in calamine ore which would remain important centres of brass making throughout the medieval period, especially Dinant – brass objects are still collectively known as dinanterie in French.

* French author Jacques Lusseyran, who was visually impaired at the age of 7 when he injured his eyes on the sharp corner of a teacher's desk, became part of the French resistance during World War II.

* Invasion of Cayenne ( 1809 ) ( 1809 ): Was a combined military operation by an Anglo-Portuguese-Brazilian expeditionary force against Cayenne, capital of the French South American colony of French Guiana in 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars.

In 1796, during the French Revolution and three years after the declaration of war between France and Great Britain, Étienne-Gaspard Robert met with the French government and proposed the use of mirrors to burn the invading ships of the British Royal Navy.