Seeking to increase revenue and reduce expenses, Andronikos II raised taxes and reduced tax exemptions, and dismantled the Byzantine fleet ( 80 ships ) in 1285, thereby making the Empire increasingly dependent on the rival republics of Venice and Genoa.

It originated from necessities of the state, as did the Bank of Venice ( 1402 ) and the Bank of Genoa ( 1407 ).

These castes had a complex structure in the fragmented city states of Italy such as Genoa, Venice, Naples, Roma, Florence and Lombardy ; in some, the merchants were the nobili, in others the nobili despised the merchant caste and were agriculturalists, in yet others the nobili caste despised all work.

The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road, and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers.

The kingdom was soon increasingly dominated by the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa, as well as the imperial ambitions of the Holy Roman Emperors.

In August 1257, John of Arsuf tried to end the war by granting commercial rights in Acre to Ancona, an Italian ally of Genoa, but aside from Philip of Montfort and the Hospitallers, the rest of the nobles continued to support Venice.

* Luxembourg has an embassy in Rome and 9 honorary consulates ( in Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Palermo, Perugia, Riccione, Turin, and Venice ).

At the time of Leon Battista's birth, his father Lorenzo lived in Genoa, but the family soon moved to Venice, where Lorenzo ran the family bank with his brother.

The three of them embarked on an epic journey to Asia, returning after 24 years to find Venice at war with Genoa ; Marco was imprisoned, and dictated his stories to a cellmate.

Upon the Polos ' return to Italy, Venice was at war with Genoa.

Evidence of mercantilistic practices appear in early modern Venice, Genoa, and Pisa regarding control of the Mediterranean trade of bullion.

In 1352 the rivalry for trade led to a war between Genoa and Venice.

According to Anderson, Oxford definitely visited Venice, Padua, Milan, Genoa, Palermo, Florence, Siena and Naples, and probably passed through Messina, Mantua and Verona, all cities used as settings by Shakespeare.

During this period, together with his uncle, he took part in many naval wars of the Ottoman Empire against Spain, the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice, including the First Battle of Lepanto ( Battle of Zonchio ) in 1499 and Second Battle of Lepanto ( Battle of Modon ) in 1500.

The modern conflict of laws is generally considered to have begun in Northern Italy during the late Middle Ages and in particular at trading cities such as Genoa, Pisa and Venice.

To prepare for a crusade, Boniface ordered Venice and Genoa to sign a truce ; they fought each other for three more years, and turned down his offer to mediate peace.

Examples of such plutocracies include the Roman Republic, some city-states in Ancient Greece, the civilization of Carthage, the Italian city-states / merchant republics of Venice, Florence, Genoa, and pre-World War II Empire of Japan zaibatsu.

In 1238 Pope Gregory IX formed an alliance between Genoa and Venice against the empire, and consequently against Pisa too.

The first lazaret was founded by Venice in 1403, on a small island adjoining the city ; in 1467 Genoa followed the example of Venice ; and in 1476 the old leper hospital of Marseille was converted into a plague hospital.

By the clause in the Levant Trade Act of 1752 vessels for the United Kingdom with a foul bill ( i. e. coming from a country where plague existed ) had to repair to the lazarets of Malta, Venice, Messina, Livorno, Genoa or Marseille, to perform their quarantine or to have their cargoes sufficiently opened and aired.

The two most powerful were the Republic of Venice and its rival the Republic of Genoa.

The rise of Napoleon saw the end of the First French Republic, and his eventual defeat allowed the victorious monarchies to put an end to many of the oldest republics on the continent, including Venice, Genoa, and the Dutch.

After 1974, the Red Brigades expanded into Rome, Genoa, and Venice, their numbers grew drastically and began to diversify in its criminal ventures.

Examples include the maritime republics of Genoa and Venice, Hanseatic League, and the Byzantine navy.

* 1284 – The Republic of Pisa is defeated in the Battle of Meloria by the Republic of Genoa, thus losing its naval dominance in the Mediterranean.

The Corsican language has been influenced by the languages of the major powers taking an interest in Corsican affairs ; earlier by those of the Medieval Italian powers: Tuscany ( 828 – 1077 ), Pisa ( 1077 – 1282 ) and Genoa ( 1282 – 1768 ), more recently by France ( 1768 – present ), which, since 1789, has promulgated the official Parisian French.

This period also saw the eclipse of Florence's formerly powerful rival Pisa ( defeated by Genoa in 1284 and subjugated by Florence in 1406 ), and the exercise of power by the mercantile elite following an anti-aristocratic movement, led by Giano della Bella, that resulted in a set of laws called the Ordinances of Justice ( 1293 ).

Gregory travelled to Pisa in order to end Pisan hostilities with Genoa so that both seaports and naval fleets could join together for the crusade.

Anacletus had control of Rome, so Innocent II took ship for Pisa, and thence sailed by way of Genoa to France, where the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux readily secured his cordial recognition by the clergy and the court.

After the Council, in the spring of 1216, Innocent moved to northern Italy in an attempt to reconcile the maritime cities of Pisa and Genoa by removing the excommunication cast over Pisa by his predecessor Celestine III and concluding a pact with Genoa.

Pisa took advantage of being the only port along the western coast from Genoa ( then a small village ) to Ostia.

In 1017 Sardinian Giudicati were militarily supported by Pisa, in alliance with Genoa, to defeat the Saracen King Mugahid who had settled a logistic base in the north of Sardinia the year before.

In 1060 Pisa had to engage in their first battle with Genoa.

Though short-lived, this success of Pisa in Spain increased the rivalry with Genoa.

Innocent II resolved the conflict with Genoa, establishing the sphere of influence of Pisa and Genoa.

Pisa could then, unhindered by Genoa, participate in the conflict of Innocent II against king Roger II of Sicily.

Last but not least, such a sudden and large increase of power by Pisa could only lead to another war with Genoa.

The region around Pisa did not permit the city to recover from the loss of thousands of sailors from the Meloria, while Liguria guaranteed enough sailors to Genoa.

( Centro Sociale Occupato Autogestito, " self-governing squatter social centers ") and include: Leoncavallo, Cantiere, Cox 18, Cascina Torchiera, La Fucina, Vittoria, Transiti 28, Panetteria Occupata, Bottiglieria Occupata and Villa Vegan Squat in Milan, Telos in Saronno, Officina 99, SKA, Insurgencia, Cinema Astra Occupato and Terra Terra in Naples, Askatasuna, El Paso, Gabrio, Murazzi, la Boccia Squat, No way squat, Mezcal Squat, Asilo Squat and Barocchio Squat in Turin, Brancaleone, Corto Circuito, Forte Prenestino, La Strada, Acrobax, Spartaco, Torre Maura, Horus, L38 Laurentino Squat, ZK Squatt, Ateneo Occupato, Macchia Rossa and Villaggio Globale in Rome, Buridda, Pinelli, Terra Di Nessuno, Aut Aut 357 and Zapata in Genoa, Rivolta in Mestre, Gramigna and Pedro in Padua, La Chimica in Verona, Bruno in Trento, Dordoni in Cremona, Magazzino 47 in Brescia, Pacì Paciana in Bergamo, Barattolo in Pavia, CPA Firenze Sud, La Riottosa, Villa Panico and Next Emerson in Florence, Experia and Auro in Catania, Ex-Karcere in Palermo, Ex-Mattatoio in Perugia, Mario Lupo in Parma, la Scintilla in Modena, Mezza Canaja in Senigallia, Kontatto in Ancona, TNT in Jesi, Godzilla in Livorno, Rebeldia and Newroz in Pisa, Teatro Polivalente, Lazzaretto, XM24, Livello 57 and Crash in Bologna, Cartella in Reggio Calabria, Rialzo in Cosenza, Fiumara in Catanzaro, Cloro Rosso in Taranto and many others.

Anguissola traveled to Rome, where she was introduced to Michelangelo who immediately recognized her talent, Milan, where she painted the Duke of Alba, Madrid, which was a turning point in her career serving as a court painter and painting many official portraits for the Spanish court, and Palermo, Pisa, and Genoa, where she was the leading portrait painter.

From the ninth to the twelfth century Venice developed into a city state ( an Italian thalassocracy or Repubblica Marinara, the other three being Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi ).

Other ports such as Genoa, Pisa, Marseille, Ancona and Dubrovnik were hardly able to make any competition to the well organized transportation of pilgrims from Venice.