de: HE 0107-5240

# HE Felipe Juan Froilán de Marichalar y de Borbón, son of Infanta Elena.

# HE Victoria Federica de Marichalar y de Borbón, daughter of Infanta Elena.

# HE Juan Urdangarín y de Borbón, eldest son of Infanta Cristina.

# HE Pablo Urdangarín y de Borbón, middle son of Infanta Cristina.

# HE Miguel Urdangarín y de Borbón, youngest son of Infanta Cristina.

# HE Irene Urdangarín y de Borbón, daughter of Infanta Cristina.

* HE Doña María de Fátima Simoneta Luisa Gómez-Acebo y de Borbón ( b. Madrid, 28 October / 31 October 1968 ).

* HE Don Juan Filiberto Nicolás Gómez-Acebo y de Borbón ( b. Madrid, 6 December 1969 ),? th Viscount de la Torre, unmarried and without issue.

* HE Don Bruno Alejandro Gómez-Acebo y de Borbón ( b. Madrid, 15 June 1971 ), married in Madrid at the Church of la Incarnación on 5 October 2002 Bárbara Cano y de la Plaza and they have three sons:

* HE Don Luis Beltrán Ataúlfo Alfonso Gómez-Acebo y de Borbón ( b. Madrid, 20 May 1973 ), married at La Granja de San Ildefonso, Segovia, on 18 September 2004 model Laura Ponte y Martínez ; separation confirmed in July 2009, and they have a son and a daughter:

* HE Don Fernando Humberto Gómez-Acebo y de Borbón ( b. Madrid, 30 September 1974 ), married in Madrid on 27 November 2004 Mónica Martín Luque, without issue.

File: Francisco de Paula de Borbon y de la Torre, duke of Seville, grand of Spain. jpg | HE Francisco de Paula de Borbon y de la Torre, duke of Seville, 44th Grand master 1935-1952

Nonetheless, Malaysia was active in the opposition to apartheid that saw South Africa quit the Commonwealth in 1961, and was a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) in 1967 and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference ( OIC ) in 1969, with the Tunku as its first Secretary-General in 1971.

The Hawke government supported his bid to become Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations, but it proved unsuccessful.

' Commonwealth Secretary-General Sir Shridath Ramphal affirmed: ' His own leadership in providing from Britain a worthy response to African national consciousness shaped the post-war era and made the modern Commonwealth possible.

* Sir Don McKinnon-former Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand, Commonwealth Secretary-General

* George Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown ( former United Nations Deputy Secretary-General and Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office )

* The Commonwealth Secretary-General ;

The chief executive of the Secretariat, and of the Commonwealth as a whole, is the Commonwealth Secretary-General.

In mid-2000, he visited Fiji together with Don McKinnon, the Commonwealth of Nations ' Secretary-General, in an attempt to assist in finding a negotiated settlement to the hostage situation, in which Fiji's Prime Minister and other members of Parliament were kidnapped and held as hostages during the 2000 Fijian coup d ' état.

He was the Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations from 2000 until 2008.

In late 2003, New Zealand media reported that Zimbabwe was attempting to gather support from other Commonwealth members to remove McKinnon from the office of Secretary-General, presumably in retaliation for McKinnon's views about the issue of Zimbabwean democracy.

Emeka Anyaoku, GCVO, CON ( born January 18, 1933 ) was the third Commonwealth Secretary-General.

In 1977, the Commonwealth Heads of Government elected him as Deputy Secretary-General.

After the overthrow of the government by the military later that year, he returned to his position as Deputy Secretary-General with the support of the new government in Nigeria and the endorsement of all Commonwealth governments.

At the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting at Kuala Lumpur in 1989, Anyaoku was elected the third Commonwealth Secretary-General.

Sir Shridath Surendranath " Sonny " Ramphal, GCMG, AC, ONZ, OE, OM, OCC, QC, FRSA ( born 3 October 1928 ) served as the second Commonwealth Secretary-General from 1975-1990.

During his time as Commonwealth Secretary-General, the United Kingdom represented by Margaret Thatcher was found to be in a minority of one on the issue of economic sanctions against apartheid South Africa.

He was the first Commonwealth Secretary-General, serving from 1965 – 1975.

The Commonwealth Secretary-General is the head of the Commonwealth Secretariat, the central body which has served the Commonwealth of Nations since its establishment in 1965, and responsible for representing the Commonwealth publicly.

The Commonwealth Secretary-General should not be confused with the Head of the Commonwealth, who is currently Queen Elizabeth II.

Subsequent Presidents were Sir Michael Stoker ( 1980 – 87 ), Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society and a former fellow and medical tutor at Clare College, who had taken early retirement from his post as Director of the Imperial Cancer Research Laboratories ; Anthony Low ( 1987 – 94 ), Professor of Commonwealth History and formerly Vice-Chancellor of the Australian National University, who had been a visiting fellow of Clare Hall in 1971 ; and Professor Dame Gillian Beer ( 1994 – 2001 ), King Edward VII Professor of English Literature.

General Sir Reginald Clare Hart, VC, GCB, KCVO ( 11 June 1848 – 18 October 1931 ), was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

General Sir Garrett O ' Moore Creagh VC GCB GCSI ( 2 April 1848 – 9 August 1923 ), known as Sir O ' Moore Creagh, was born in Cahirbane, County Clare and was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

George William Burdett Clare VC ( 18 May 1889 – 29 November 1917 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

The Commonwealth of England was the official name of the political unit ( de facto military rule in the name of parliamentary supremacy ) that replaced the kingdoms of Scotland and England ( after the English Civil War ) from 1649 to 1653 and 1659 to 1660.

From 1653 to 1659, although still legally known as a Commonwealth, the republic operated under different institutions ( at times as a de facto monarchy ) and is known by historians as the Protectorate.

The term Commonwealth is, however, loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole of 1649 to 1660, when England was de facto, and arguably de jure, a republic ( or, to monarchists, under the English Interregnum ).

de: Commonwealth of England

* August 26 – First Anglo-Dutch War – Battle of Plymouth: A fleet from the Commonwealth of England attacks an outward-bound convoy of the United Provinces, escorted by 23 men-of-war and 6 fire ships commanded by Vice-Commodore Michiel de Ruyter.

The term de facto head of state is sometimes used to describe the office of a governor general in the Commonwealth realms, since holders of that office has the same responsibilities in their country as the de jure head of state ( the sovereign ) does within the United Kingdom.

This is because the power to legislate on de facto matters relies on referrals by States to the Commonwealth in accordance with Section 51 ( xxxvii ) of the Australian Constitution, where it states the new federal law can only be applied back within a state There must be a state nexis, between the de facto relationship itself and the Australian state.

Through the Polish nobles whom Russia controlled and the Russian Minister to Warsaw, ambassador and Prince Nicholas Repnin, Empress Catherine the Great forced a constitution on the Commonwealth at the so-called Repnin Sejm of 1767, named after ambassador Repnin, who de facto dictated the terms of that Sejm ( and who ordered the capture and exile of some vocal opponents of his policies to Kaluga in Russian Empire., including bishop Józef Andrzej Załuski and others ).

The decision together with South Africa's insistence on adhering to its policy of apartheid resulted in South Africa's de facto expulsion from the Commonwealth of Nations ( South Africa left the association when it was resolved that she would not be permitted to remain on the terms she wished ).

The short period that followed was the closest England was to come to complete abolition of the monarchy until the Commonwealth period of 1649 – 60 and many of the barons who had initially supported de Montfort began to suspect that he had gone too far with his reforming zeal.

England entered the period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth, and the country was a de facto republic, led by Oliver Cromwell.

John Sobieski was born 1629 in Olesko, a small town near Lwów in Galicia, then part of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth ( now Lviv, Ukraine ) to a notable noble family de Sobieszyn Sobieski of Clan Janina.

On 5 February 1668, by now a famed and esteemed commander, he achieved the rank of Grand Hetman of the Crown, the highest military rank in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth, and thereby the de facto commander-in-chief of the entire Polish Army.

After extensive negotiations, involving detailed agreements about the UK's agricultural trade with Commonwealth countries such as New Zealand, British entry was vetoed by the French President, Charles de Gaulle, at a press conference in January 1963-much to the disappointment of Heath, who was a firm supporter of European common market membership for the United Kingdom.

* historic or historicultural roots, such as the Commonwealth Games ( for members of the Commonwealth of Nations ) and the Jeux de la Francophonie ( for members of La Francophonie )

Other Europeans depended for their view of Polish Sarmatism on Miechowita's Tractatus de Duabus Sarmatiis, a work which provided a substantial source of information about the territories and peoples of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in a language of international currency.

The Commonwealth power to legislate for marriage and ‘ matrimonial causes ’ is supported by sections 51 ( xxi ) and ( xxii ) of the Constitution, whereas the power to legislate for de facto financial matters largely relies on referrals by States to the Commonwealth in accordance with section 51 ( xxxvii ) of the Australian Constitution.

However, the definitions of ‘ matrimonial cause ’ and ‘ de facto financial cause ’ differ in some respects, due to the different sources of Commonwealth power to legislate for these matters.

Enric Prat de la Riba, who was to become the first President of the Commonwealth of Catalonia, signed the founding document of the Institute, as president of the Barcelona County Council on June 17, 1907.

de: Commonwealth Writers ’ Prize