This work, written in his native French tongue, and its philosophical principles, provided a foundation for Infinitesimal calculus in Europe.

Though not well known among philosophers, his philosophical work was taken up by Owen Barfield ( and through him influenced the Inklings, an Oxford group of Christian writers that included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis ) and Richard Tarnas.

A right to profit from the work has been the philosophical underpinning for much legislation extending the duration of copyright, to the life of the creator and beyond, to his heirs.

Consolation of Philosophy () is a philosophical work by Boethius, written around the year 524.

* Critique of Pure Reason, 1781 philosophical work by Immanuel Kant

Plato's work Timaeus is a philosophical reconciliation of Hesiod's cosmology in his Theogony, syncretically reconciling Hesiod to Homer.

Müller's work relies specifically on theoretical assumptions that are very similar to Haeckel's and reflects the German practice to maintain strong connections between empirical research and the philosophical framework of science.

In addition to Moore's own work on the paradox, the puzzle also inspired a great deal of work by Ludwig Wittgenstein, who described the paradox as the most impressive philosophical insight that Moore had ever introduced.

Cantor's work is of great philosophical interest, a fact of which he was well aware.

Galen was concerned to combine philosophical thought with medical practice, as in his brief work That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher.

Giuseppe Peano (; 27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932 ) was an Italian mathematician, whose work was of philosophical value.

In recent years, however, the term has been revived in an attempt to describe and categorize, in literary and philosophical terms, how it is that the work of an irrealist writer differs from the work of writers in other, non-realistic genres ( e. g., the fantasy of J. R. R.

Existentialism is a term applied to the work of a number of 19th-and 20th-century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, generally held that the focus of philosophical thought should be to deal with the conditions of existence of the individual person and his or her emotions, actions, responsibilities, and thoughts.

The conflict between oppressive, spiritually destructive conformity ( mauvaise foi, literally, " bad faith ") and an " authentic " way of " being " became the dominant theme of Sartre's early work, a theme embodied in his principal philosophical work L ' Être et le Néant ( Being and Nothingness ) ( 1943 ).

Contemporary virtue jurisprudence is inspired by philosophical work on virtue ethics.

Marx became interested in, but critical of, the work of the German philosopher G. W. F Hegel ( 1770 – 1831 ), whose ideas were widely debated amongst European philosophical circles at the time.

The philosophical work Narada Bhakti Sutras, written by an unknown author ( presumed to be Narada ), distinguishes eleven forms of love.

Agassiz was influenced by philosophical idealism and the scientific work of Georges Cuvier.

* Medieval philosophical work in Latin

The work, undertaken while serving as the Chair of Child Psychology and Pedagogy at the University of the Sorbonne, is not a departure from his philosophical and phenomenological works, but rather an important continuation in the development of his thought.

Major discussion has tended to be especially about two issues, first how unified and philosophical his work is, and secondly concerning how innovative or traditional it is.

It follows that another element of philosophical method, common in the work of nearly all philosophers, is philosophical criticism.

" John Updike, comparing Abner to a “ hillbilly Candide ,” added that the strip ’ s “ richness of social and philosophical commentary approached the Voltairean .” Charlie Chaplin, William F. Buckley, Al Hirschfeld, Harpo Marx, Russ Meyer, John Kenneth Galbraith, Ralph Bakshi, Shel Silverstein, Hugh Downs, Gene Shalit, Frank Cho, Daniel Clowes and ( reportedly ) even Queen Elizabeth have confessed to being fans of Li ' l Abner.

* Buya Hamka or Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amirullah was a prominent Indonesian author, ulema politician, philosophical thinker, and author of Tafir Al Azhar.

Ibn Daud's philosophical work written in Arabic, Al -' akidah al-Rafiyah (" The Sublime Faith "), has been preserved in Hebrew by the title Emunah Ramah.

Taking his bearings from his study of Maimonides and Al Farabi, and pointing further back to Plato's discussion of writing as contained in the Phaedrus, Strauss proposed that the classical and medieval art of exoteric writing is the proper medium for philosophic learning: rather than displaying philosophers ' thoughts superficially, classical and medieval philosophical texts guide their readers in thinking and learning independently of imparted knowledge.

Following an inking assignment, over penciler Bob Brown on Daredevil # 108 ( March 1974 ), he began work on the character with which he became most associated, the philosophical martial artist / secret agent Shang-Chi in the comic Master of Kung Fu ( cover-billed as The Hands of Shang-Chi: Master of Kung Fu ) # 18 ( June 1974 ), inked by Al Milgrom.

Some traces of Brethren of Purity doctrines, as well as of their numerology, are found in two Yemenite philosophical midrashim written in 1420 – 1430: Midrash ha-hefez (" The Glad Learning ") by Zerahyah ha-Rofé ( a / k / a Yahya al-Tabib ) and the Siraj al -' uqul (" Lamp of Intellects ") by Hoter ben Solomon.

He also authored a philosophical text entitled " Sefer Chakira: Derech Emuna " ( Book of Philosophy: The way of Faith ).

Santayana's main philosophical work consists of The Sense of Beauty ( 1896 ), his first book-length monograph and perhaps the first major work on aesthetics written in the United States ; The Life of Reason five volumes, 1905 – 6, the high point of his Harvard career ; Scepticism and Animal Faith ( 1923 ); and The Realms of Being ( 4 vols., 1927 – 40 ).

The second section of the Hasidic text the Tanya, by Schneur Zalman of Liadi ( Shaar Hayichud Vehaemunah-Gate of Unity and Faith ), brings the mystical Panentheism of the founder of Hasidism, the Baal Shem Tov, into philosophical explanation.

Although he was primarily a brilliant Talmudist, his most famous works of " Lonely Man of Faith ", " Catharsis ", " Halachic Man ", and " Ish HaEmunah " are largely philosophical.

* Sea of Faith, a Christian liberal philosophical movement usually written ' SoF '

The axiom of choice produces these intangibles ( objects that are proven to exist, but which cannot be explicitly constructed ), which may conflict with some philosophical principles.

* Kanada ( c. 600 BCE ), founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika, gave theory of atomism

Two of Ammonius's students-Origen the Pagan, and Longinus-seem to have held philosophical positions which were closer to Middle Platonism than Neoplatonism, which perhaps suggests that Ammonius's doctrines were also closer to those of Middle Platonism than the Neoplatonism developed by Plotinus ( see the Enneads ), but Plotinus does not seem to have thought that he was departing in any significant way from that of his master.

The system of Chinese astrology was elaborated during the Zhou dynasty ( 1046 – 256 BC ) and flourished during the Han Dynasty ( 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD ), during which all the familiar elements of traditional Chinese culture – the Yin-Yang philosophy, theory of the 5 elements, Heaven and Earth, Confucian morality – were brought together to formalise the philosophical principles of Chinese medicine and divination, astrology and alchemy.

* Coherence ( philosophical gambling strategy ), analogous concept in Bayesian probability

He defeats and befriends Mongo ( Alex Karras ), an immensely strong, slow-thinking ( but surprisingly philosophical ) henchman sent by Taggart and Lyle to kill Bart, and then beats German seductress-for-hire Lili von Shtupp ( Madeline Kahn ) at her own game.

In 1909 he published a scathing book of criticism entitled Materialism and Empiriocriticism ( 1909 ), assaulting Bogdanov's position and accusing him of philosophical idealism.

Hegel, in his Elements of the Philosophy of Right ( 1820 ), gave it a philosophical justification that concurred with evolving contemporary political theory and the Protestant Christian view of natural law.

His original system consisted of the four classical elements found in the ancient Greek traditions ( air, earth, fire and water ), in addition to two philosophical elements: sulphur, ‘ the stone which burns ’, which characterized the principle of combustibility, and mercury, which contained the idealized principle of metallic properties.

These can include shi ( 史, historical works ), zi ( 子, philosophical works belonging to schools of thought other than the Confucian, but also works of agriculture, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, divination, art criticism, and all sorts of miscellaneous writings ) and ji ( 集, literary works ) as well as jing.

* Cognitivism ( ethics ), the philosophical view that ethical sentences express propositions, and hence are capable of being true or false.

Diderot also contributed to literature, notably with Jacques le fataliste et son maître ( Jacques the Fatalist and his Master ), which emulated Laurence Sterne in challenging conventions regarding novels and their structure and content, while also examining philosophical ideas about free will.

* Objectivism ( Ayn Rand ), a philosophical system based on the writings of Ayn Rand that advocates egoism

Unlike some of his forefathers in Greek philosophy ( i. e. Plato and the other metaphysicians ), Epictetus focuses his attention on how to practically apply oneself on a philosophical level.

He studied and later lectured at Heythrop College and, seeing the poor standard of philosophical teaching in seminaries, wrote an influential nine-volume History of Philosophy ( 1946 – 75 ), which is highly respected.

One of the most important parts of Moore's philosophical development was his break from the idealism that dominated British philosophy ( as represented in the works of his former teachers F. H. Bradley and John McTaggart ), and his defence of what he regarded as a " common sense " form of realism.

Hence sectarians and followers of gnosticism were first rejected by the Jewish communities of the Mediterranean ( see the Notzrim 139 – 67 BCE ), then by the Christian communities and finally by the late Hellenistic philosophical communities ( see Neoplatonism and Gnosticism ).

Though his sources on Gnosticism were secondary, since the texts in the Nag Hammadi library were not yet widely available, Eric Voegelin ( 1901 – 1985 ), partially building on the concept of gnosis as used by Plato and the followers of Gnosticism, along with how it was defined by Hans Jonas, defined the gnosis of the followers of Gnosticism as religious philosophical teachings that are the foundations of cults.

Lovecraft's poetry is collected in The Ancient Track: The Complete Poetical Works of H. P. Lovecraft ( Night Shade Books, 2001 ), while much of his juvenilia, various essays on philosophical, political and literary topics, antiquarian travelogues, and other things, can be found in Miscellaneous Writings ( Arkham House, 1989 ).

Furthermore, the Mohist philosophical canon of the Mojing, compiled by the followers of Mozi ( c. 470-c. 390 BC ), provides the earliest known attempt to describe inertia: " The cessation of motion is due to the opposing force ... If there is no opposing force ... the motion will never stop.

This first lodge did not teach any magical practices per se ( except for basic " banishing " rituals and meditation ), but was rather a philosophical and metaphysical teaching order.

William Batchelder Greene ( 1819 – 1878 ) is best known for the works Mutual Banking ( 1850 ), which proposed an interest-free banking system, and Transcendentalism, a critique of the New England philosophical school.

Ian Barbour in his book Issues in Science and Religion ( 1966 ), p. 133, cites Arthur Eddington's The Nature of the Physical World ( 1928 ) for a text that argues The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principles provides a scientific basis for " the defense of the idea of human freedom " and his Science and the Unseen World ( 1929 ) for support of philosophical idealism " the thesis that reality is basically mental ".

In December of that year, Tycho invited Kepler to visit him in Prague ; on January 1, 1600 ( before he even received the invitation ), Kepler set off in the hopes that Tycho's patronage could solve his philosophical problems as well as his social and financial ones.

In The Understanding of the Brain ( 1973 ), Eccles summarizes his philosophy: " Now before discussing brain function in detail I will at the beginning give an account of my philosophical position on the so-called ' brain-mind problem ' so that you will be able to relate the experimental evidence to this philosophical position.