* Capital ( economics ), a factor of production that is not wanted for itself but for its ability to help in producing other goods

In economics, " factor income " is the return accruing for a person, or a nation, derived from the " factors of production ": rental income, wages generated by labor, the interest created by capital, and profits from entrepreneurial ventures.

* Land ( economics ), a factor of production comprising all naturally occurring resources

In economics, physical capital or just ' capital ' refers to a factor of production ( or input into the process of production ), such as machinery, buildings, or computers.

It was a major factor in the emergence of behavioral economics, earning Kahneman a Nobel Prize in 2002.

As much as Hood might insist that his designs were largely determined by the practicalities of zoning laws and the restraints of economics, each of his major buildings were different enough to suggest that Hood's design artistry was a significanrt factor in the final result.

< li > Uncertainty is often an important factor in economics.

Business-wise, weather was a crucial factor in area economics, as most people were either citrus growers or commercial fishermen.

* Economic rent, in economics, a payment to a factor of production in excess of that which is needed to keep it employed in its current use

Feminist economists see such variation as a crucial factor to be included in economics.

In political economy including physiocracy, classical economics, and other schools of economic thought excepting neoclassical economics, land is recognized as an inelastic factor of production.

In economics, the theory of imputation, first expounded by Carl Menger, maintains that factor prices are determined by output prices.

Peter Orszag has suggested that behavioral economics is an important factor for improving the health care system, but that relatively little progress has been made when compared to retirement policy.

* Return ( economics ), the benefit distributed to the owner of a factor of production.

However, economics is not always considered the defining factor.

However, scholars in the field of law and economics such as Professors Richard A. Epstein and Richard Posner credit employment at will as a major factor underlying the strength of the U. S. economy.

Sen questions a fundamental assumption of development economics, arguing that income poverty should not be the single most important factor in determining development.

In physics, mathematics, statistics, and economics, scale invariance is a feature of objects or laws that does not change if scales of length, energy, or other variables, are multiplied by a common factor.

In economics and in particular neoclassical economics, the marginal product or marginal physical product of an input ( factor of production ) is the extra output that can be produced by using one more unit of the input ( for instance, the difference in output when a firm's labor usage is increased from five to six units ), assuming that the quantities of no other inputs to production change.

In economics, diminishing returns ( also called diminishing marginal returns ) is the decrease in the marginal ( per-unit ) output of a production process as the amount of a single factor of production is increased, while the amounts of all other factors of production stay constant.

A survey published in 2012 indicates that coercive citation has been experienced by 1 in 5 researchers working in economics, sociology, psychology, and multiple business disciplines, and it is more common in business and in journals with a lower impact factor.

Outspoken survey critic Michael Spagat, economics professor at Royal Holloway, University of London stated " The authors should have disclosed the donation and for many people that would have been a disqualifying factor in terms of publishing the research.

In economics, factors of production are the inputs to the production process.

In economics, production means creation or an addition of utility.

The classical economics of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and their followers focuses on physical resources in defining its factors of production, and discusses the distribution of cost and value among these factors.

Neoclassical economics, one of the branches of mainstream economics, started with the classical factors of production of land, labor, and capital.

Marx's theories about society, economics and politics — collectively known as Marxism — hold that all societies progress through the dialectic of class struggle: a conflict between an ownership class which controls production and a lower class which produces the labour for goods.

Its proponents generally advocate a worker-oriented system of production and organization in the workplace that in some aspects radically departs from neoclassical economics in favor of democratic cooperatives or common ownership of the means of production ( socialism ).

Neoclassical economics is a term variously used for approaches to economics focusing on the determination of prices, outputs, and income distributions in markets through supply and demand, often mediated through a hypothesized maximization of utility by income-constrained individuals and of profits by cost-constrained firms employing available information and factors of production, in accordance with rational choice theory.

Marshall thought classical economics attempted to explain prices by the cost of production.

In addition, the economics of multiphase production is attractive to upstream operations as it leads to simpler, smaller in-field installations, reduced equipment costs and improved production rates.

Socratic Puzzles ( 1997 ) is a collection of papers that range in topic from Ayn Rand and Austrian economics to animal rights, while his last production, Invariances ( 2001 ), applies insights from physics and biology to questions of objectivity in such areas as the nature of necessity and moral value.

The original conception of socialism was an economic system whereby production was organised in a way to directly produce goods and services for their utility ( or use-value in classical and Marxian economics ): the direct allocation of resources in terms of physical units as opposed to financial calculation and the economic laws of capitalism ( see: Law of value ), often entailing the end of capitalistic economic categories such as rent, interest, profit and money.

Due to the economics of television production in Canada, relatively few daily soap operas have been produced on English Canadian television, with most Canadian stations that do air soap operas airing American or British ones.

It was established with the objective of supporting and fostering research institutes in the area of economics and social science and systematically supervising them in their contributions to the production of high-quality national policy research and the development of a concrete knowledge industry.

Participatory economics, often abbreviated as Parecon, is a proposed economic system that uses participatory decision making as an economic mechanism to guide the production, consumption and allocation of resources in a given society.

There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management ( agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries ), city planning ( urban ecology ), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction ( human ecology ).

Ayres and Warr ( 2009 ) are among the economists who criticize orthodox economics for overlooking the role of natural resources and the effects of declining resource capital.

See also: Natural resource economics

In economics, the tragedy of the commons is the depletion of a shared resource by individuals, acting independently and rationally according to each one's self-interest, despite their understanding that depleting the common resource is contrary to their long-term best interests.

A business school teaches topics such as accounting, administration, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, information systems, marketing, organizational behavior, public relations, strategy, human resource management, and quantitative methods.

Environmental economics was once distinct from resource economics.

Natural resource economics as a subfield began when the main concern of researchers was the optimal commercial exploitation of natural resource stocks.

It is now difficult to distinguish " environmental " and " natural resource " economics as separate fields as the two became associated with sustainability.

Environmental economics was a major influence for the theories of natural capitalism and environmental finance, which could be said to be two sub-branches of environmental economics concerned with resource conservation in production, and the value of biodiversity to humans, respectively.

* Natural resource economics

# REDIRECT Natural resource economics

The field represents many disciplines including consumer science, nutrition, food preparation, parenting, early childhood education, family economics and resource management, human development, interior design, textiles, apparel design, as well as other related subjects.

Topics in regional science include, but are not limited to location theory or spatial economics, location modeling, transportation, migration analysis, land use and urban development, interindustry analysis, environmental and ecological analysis, resource management, urban and regional policy analysis, geographical information systems, and spatial data analysis.

More commonly refred to as defence economics, this is the financial and monetary efforts done to resource and sustain militaries and for financing military operations including war.

Much like mainstream economics, it stresses complex interdependencies, competition, growth, structural change, and resource constraints but differs in the approaches which are used to analyze these phenomena.

Behavioral economics and the related field, behavioral finance, study the effects of social, cognitive, and emotional factors on the economic decisions of individuals and institutions and the consequences for market prices, returns, and the resource allocation.

Perhaps due to resource scarcity in most Islamic nations, Islamic economics emphasizes limited ( and some claim also sustainable ) use of natural capital, i. e. producing land.

in resource economics,

In economics, a non-renewable resource is defined as goods, where greater consumption today implies less consumption tomorrow.

It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on sciences, economics, and the practice of natural resource management.