In 1988 Jacques Gauthier proposed a cladistic definition of Reptilia as a monophyletic node-based crown group containing turtles, lizards and snakes, crocodilians, and birds, their common ancestor and all its descendants.

When the specifiers in a node-based definition are extant specimens or species, as in the following definition of Mammalia, a crown group is defined.

" Kevin Padian ( 2007 ) used a node-based definition, defined the Allosauroidea as Allosaurus, Sinraptor, their most recent common ancestor, and all of its descendants.

Thomas R. Holtz and colleagues ( 2004 ; p. 100 ) and Phil Currie and Ken Carpenter ( 2000 ), among others, have followed this node-based definition.

The plus symbol ("+") between taxa indicates the given taxa is a node-based clade, defined as comprising all descendants of the last common ancestor of the " added " taxa.

The name Crurotarsi was erected as a node-based clade by Paul Sereno and A. B.

This reclassification may have inspired Sereno's Crurotarsi, a node-based clade defined by the inclusion of ornithosuchids and other early archosaurs.

Crurotarsi traditionally contains the same archosaurs as Pseudosuchia, but as a node-based clade it is not synonymous.

Quartz Composer is a node-based visual programming language provided as part of the Xcode development environment in Mac OS X for processing and rendering graphical data.

Classification varies according to the preferred phylogeny of the author and whether they use a stem-based or a node-based classification.

There are two radically different digital compositing workflows: node-based compositing and layer-based compositing.

* A fully integrated node-based compositor within the rendering pipeline.

* Procedural and node-based textures, as well as texture painting, projective painting, vertex painting, and weight painting.

In any node-based control system, proper identification is critical to ensuring that messages are properly received by their intended recipients.

Many other compositing packages, such as Blender, eyeon Fusion, Nuke and Cineon, also used a similar node-based approach.

This node graph architecture is similar to that employed in node-based compositors such as Shake or Nuke.

Shaders are scriptable and composed in their VEX language, or by using VOPs ; their node-based interface to programming VEX.

The " Classic Plus " mode uses the control scheme of Myst III: Exile and Myst IV: Revelation ; movement is still node-based but players can rotate their view 360 degrees in any direction.

As a result of the different lighting models, lights may need to be tweaked or replaced and while textures are generally usable between the two ( other than Poser node-based materials ), optimum results may need slightly different lighting values for each.

A clade is by definition monophyletic, meaning it contains one ancestor ( which can be an organism, a population, or a species ) and all its descendants.

* In stem-based definition, A refers to the most inclusive clade containing X, Y, etc., and their common ancestor, down to where Z branches off below A. Taxa are included between the node of A and down to ( but not including ) the branching point to Z ; that is, the stem of A.

* In apomorphy-based definition, A refers to the clade identified by an apomorphy ( a trait ) found in X, Y, etc., and their common ancestor.

The Fagaceae, or oak family, is a very slow evolving clade compared to other angiosperms, and the patterns of hybridization and introgression in Quercus pose a great challenge to the concept of a species since a species is often defined as a group of “ actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups .” By this definition, many species of Quercus would be lumped together according to their geographic and ecological habitat, despite clear distinctions in morphology and, to a large extent, genetic data.

By definition, any homologous trait defines a clade — a monophyletic taxon in which all the members have the trait ( or have lost it secondarily ); and all non-members lack it.

* Clades are simple to define: a typical clade definition is " All descendants of the nearest common ancestor of species X and Y ".

The first formal definition of Ankylosauria as a clade was given in 1997 by Carpenter.

" In 1998, Paul Sereno defined the clade Hadrosauridae as the most inclusive possible group containing Saurolophus ( a well-known saurolophine ) and Parasaurolophus ( a well-known lambeosaurine ), later emending the definition to include Hadrosaurus, the type genus of the family, which ICZN rules state must be included, despite its status as a nomen dubium.

Most researchers place Enantiornithines in Aves, but those that use the more restrictive crown group definition of Aves put them in the more inclusive Avialae, specifically, as members of the clade Ornithothoraces.

Composition of the clade has also varied, however, by definition it always includes the family Asteraceae ( Compositae ).

Sereno ( 1998 ; p. 64 ) was the first to provide a stem-based definition for the Allosauroidea, defining the clade as " All neotetanurans closer to Allosaurus than to Neornithes.

Since the strict definition of Arctometatarsalia was based on Ornithomimus, it became redundant with the name Ornithomimosauria under broad definitions of that clade, and the name Arctometatarsalia was mostly abandoned.

Under this definition, Artiodactyla remains a valid clade since artiodactyls evolved from a common ancestor separate from whales.

Paul Sereno, in 2005, modified this definition to the most inclusive clade containing Therizinosaurus but not Ornithomimus, Oviraptor, Shuvuuia, Tyrannosaurus, or Troodon.

Laurin ( 2001 ) created a different phylogenetic definition of Anthracosauria, defining it as " the largest clade that includes Anthracosaurus russelli but not Ascaphus truei ".

Modern phylogenetics has made Camptosaurus by definition part of the clade Ankylopollexia, of which group it would then be a basal member.

This was a concept which afterwards enjoyed some popularity: Thomas Holtz proposed a stem clade definition of the Aublysodontinae in 2001, " Aublysodon and all taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with it than with Tyrannosaurus ".

Holtz proposed a node clade definition of the Tyrannosauridae in 2001 as " all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of Tyrannosaurus and Aublysodon ", using Aublysodon as an anchor taxon.

Anarchism is generally defined as the political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful ,< ref name =" definition ">

William Camden provided a definition of " Anagrammatisme " as " a dissolution of a name truly written into his letters, as his elements, and a new connection of it by artificial transposition, without addition, subtraction or change of any letter, into different words, making some perfect sense applyable ( i. e., applicable ) to the person named.

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Whether these were consisted only of Goths is rather unlikely so the name " Scythians " by which the Greek sources called them ( a geographical definition ) seems more appropriate.

The candela is sometimes still called by the old name candle, such as in foot-candle and the modern definition of candlepower.

CECA's notoriety immortalized the name Capoeira Angola as definition of the traditional Capoeira style.

Russell offered his theory of descriptions in part as a way of defining a proper name, the definition being given by a definite description that " picks out " exactly one individual.

Nearly all ( excepting those where this is impossible by definition, such as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier ) note name, year or date of birth, and date of death.

It does not describe such concepts as name spaces very well at all, and the differences between a definition and a reference is not clearly describable either.

In 1964, at the 12th CGPM conference, the original definition was reverted to, and thus the litre was once again defined in exact relation to the metre, as another name for the cubic decimetre, that is, exactly 1 dm < sup > 3 </ sup >.

This definition is synonymous with the unambiguous IEC standard name mebibyte, but, adoption of the standard has not been widespread.

Merritt Ruhlen notes that this definition is not properly taxonomic but amorphous, since there are broader and narrower degrees of relatedness, and moreover, some linguists who broadly accept the concept ( such as Greenberg and Ruhlen himself ) have criticised the name as reflecting the ethnocentrism frequent among Europeans at the time.

Hierarchical designs can be recursively " exploded " (" flattened ") by creating a new copy ( with a new name ) of each definition each time it is used.

Suppose a definition of a capacitor has an associated attribute called " Capacitance ", corresponding to the physical property of the same name, with a default value of " 100 pF " ( 100 picofarads ).

* Overriding and overloading: The intentional use of the same name for multiple implementations of an object's method or operation to represent the same data in different ways, for conciseness when multiple similar operations are involved, and / or to alter the implementation of an inherited method to make it more suitable for the narrower definition of the object's data.

According to the descriptivist theory of meaning, there is a description of the sense of proper names, and that description, like a definition, picks out the bearer of the name.

The group arrived at a name after Santiago selected the word " pixies " randomly from a dictionary and took a liking to how it looked and its definition as " mischievous little elves ".

There never seems to have been a clear definition of what was what ; there were apparently far fewer staff-weapons in use than there were names to call them by ; and contemporary writers up to the seventeenth century use these names with abandon, calling different weapons by the same name and similar weapons by different names.

Programming editors often let the user select the name of a subprogram or variable, and then jump to its definition and back.

Nevertheless, the teaspoon, usually under its Latin name, continued to be used in Apothecaries ' measures for several more decades, with the original definition of one fluid dram.

No exact definition of borders can be given, because the name " Westphalia " was applied to several different entities in history.

* WMV HD – The marketing name for high definition videos encoded using the Windows Media Video 9 codec

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The group seems to have adopted the name Section d ' Or to distinguish themselves from the narrower definition of Cubism developed in parallel by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in the Montmartre quarter of Paris, and to show that Cubism, rather than being an isolated art-form, represented the continuation of a grand tradition ( indeed, the golden ratio had fascinated Western intellectuals of diverse interests for at least 2, 400 years ).