In 1994, Thomas R. Holtz attempted to define the group based on the characteristics of the hand and wrist alone ( an apomorphy-based definition ), and included the long, thin fingers, bowed, wing-like forearm bones, and half-moon shaped wrist bone as key characters.

This system is similar to the apomorphy-based clades of phylogenetic nomenclature.

Throughout the rest of the Poetics, Aristotle continues to discuss the characteristics of these six parts and their interrelationship, and he refers frequently to the standards suggested by his definition of tragedy.

The definition of the term disposal is made in Article 2 al 4 and just refers to annex IV, which gives a list of operations which are understood as disposal or recovery.

* In node-based definition, clade name A refers to the least inclusive clade containing taxa ( or specimens ) X, Y, etc.

* In stem-based definition, A refers to the most inclusive clade containing X, Y, etc., and their common ancestor, down to where Z branches off below A. Taxa are included between the node of A and down to ( but not including ) the branching point to Z ; that is, the stem of A.

While the specific definition has changed over time, modern usage refers to a typically non-realistic or semi-realistic drawing or painting intended for satire, caricature, or humor, or to the artistic style of such works.

Notice that the second condition in the definition itself refers to natural numbers, and hence involves self-reference.

Or it refers to a definition being developed ; a tentative definition that can be tailored to create an authoritative definition.

His definition of deconstruction is that, " the term ' deconstruction ' refers in the first instance to the way in which the ' accidental ' features of a text can be seen as betraying, subverting, its purportedly ' essential ' message.

However, government in its broadest definition refers simply to the smaller group of people who makes and enforces decisions that affect conduct within some larger group.

From earliest times, some kind of government has arguably been a vital part of every human society — though this refers only to a particularly loose definition of government.

Controversy has arisen over whether the usage of the term jihad without further explanation refers to military combat, and whether some have used confusion over the definition of the term to their advantage.

One definition that refers to meat as not including fish developed over the past few hundred years and has religious influences.

An alternative definition for " weakly typed " refers to languages, such as Perl and JavaScript, which permit a large number of implicit type conversions.

The typical dictionary definition of religion refers to a " belief in, or the worship of, a god or gods " or the " service and worship of God or the supernatural ".

This definition refers to a caesium atom at rest at a temperature of 0 K ( absolute zero ).

By this definition, scientific refers to the empirical method of investigation.

In contrast, uniform continuity is a global property of f, in the sense that the standard definition refers to pairs of points rather than individual points.

The traditional dictionary definition refers exclusively to the specific internal structure.

The human leg is the entire lower extremity or limb of the human body, including the foot, thigh and even the hip or gluteal region ; however, the precise definition in human anatomy refers only to the section of the lower limb extending from the knee to the ankle.

Lower case'm ' métis refers to those who are of mixed native and other ancestry, and is essentially an ethnic definition.

In a 1902 letter, he announced the discovery to Gottlob Frege of the paradox in Frege's 1879 Begriffsschrift and framed the problem in terms of both logic and set theory, and in particular in terms of Frege's definition of function ; in the following, p. 17 refers to a page in the original Begriffsschrift, and page 23 refers to the same page in van Heijenoort 1967:

A clade is by definition monophyletic, meaning it contains one ancestor ( which can be an organism, a population, or a species ) and all its descendants.

The Fagaceae, or oak family, is a very slow evolving clade compared to other angiosperms, and the patterns of hybridization and introgression in Quercus pose a great challenge to the concept of a species since a species is often defined as a group of “ actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups .” By this definition, many species of Quercus would be lumped together according to their geographic and ecological habitat, despite clear distinctions in morphology and, to a large extent, genetic data.

By definition, any homologous trait defines a clade — a monophyletic taxon in which all the members have the trait ( or have lost it secondarily ); and all non-members lack it.

* Clades are simple to define: a typical clade definition is " All descendants of the nearest common ancestor of species X and Y ".

The first formal definition of Ankylosauria as a clade was given in 1997 by Carpenter.

" In 1998, Paul Sereno defined the clade Hadrosauridae as the most inclusive possible group containing Saurolophus ( a well-known saurolophine ) and Parasaurolophus ( a well-known lambeosaurine ), later emending the definition to include Hadrosaurus, the type genus of the family, which ICZN rules state must be included, despite its status as a nomen dubium.

Most researchers place Enantiornithines in Aves, but those that use the more restrictive crown group definition of Aves put them in the more inclusive Avialae, specifically, as members of the clade Ornithothoraces.

Composition of the clade has also varied, however, by definition it always includes the family Asteraceae ( Compositae ).

Sereno ( 1998 ; p. 64 ) was the first to provide a stem-based definition for the Allosauroidea, defining the clade as " All neotetanurans closer to Allosaurus than to Neornithes.

Since the strict definition of Arctometatarsalia was based on Ornithomimus, it became redundant with the name Ornithomimosauria under broad definitions of that clade, and the name Arctometatarsalia was mostly abandoned.

Under this definition, Artiodactyla remains a valid clade since artiodactyls evolved from a common ancestor separate from whales.

Paul Sereno, in 2005, modified this definition to the most inclusive clade containing Therizinosaurus but not Ornithomimus, Oviraptor, Shuvuuia, Tyrannosaurus, or Troodon.

Laurin ( 2001 ) created a different phylogenetic definition of Anthracosauria, defining it as " the largest clade that includes Anthracosaurus russelli but not Ascaphus truei ".

Modern phylogenetics has made Camptosaurus by definition part of the clade Ankylopollexia, of which group it would then be a basal member.

This was a concept which afterwards enjoyed some popularity: Thomas Holtz proposed a stem clade definition of the Aublysodontinae in 2001, " Aublysodon and all taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with it than with Tyrannosaurus ".

Holtz proposed a node clade definition of the Tyrannosauridae in 2001 as " all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of Tyrannosaurus and Aublysodon ", using Aublysodon as an anchor taxon.

Was the notion of " effective calculability " to be ( i ) an " axiom or axioms " in an axiomatic system, or ( ii ) merely a definition that " identified " two or more propositions, or ( iii ) an empirical hypothesis to be verified by observation of natural events, or ( iv ) or just a proposal for the sake of argument ( i. e. a " thesis ").

While there is no universally accepted definition of " democracy ," equality and freedom have both been identified as important characteristics of democracy since ancient times.

Stevenson has identified persuasive definition as a form of stipulative definition which purports to describe the " true " or " commonly accepted " meaning of a term, while in reality stipulating an altered use, perhaps as an argument for some specific view.

Considerable controversy exists over the proper definition of the term " desertification " for which Helmut Geist ( 2005 ) has identified more than 100 formal definitions.

Then the equivalence class of the pair can be identified with the rational number, and this equivalence relation and its equivalence classes can be used to give a formal definition of the set of rational numbers.

Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use " liberal " in its original definition, and the term " libertarian " has been used instead.

More recently, however, different classes of spontaneous magnetization have been identified when there is more than one magnetic ion per primitive cell of the material, leading to a stricter definition of " ferromagnetism " that is often used to distinguish it from ferrimagnetism.

A group action is an extension to the definition of a symmetry group in which every element of the group " acts " like a bijective transformation ( or " symmetry ") of some set, without being identified with that transformation.

The fourth definition identified by Hutton uses " shamanism " to refer to the indigenous religions of Siberia and neighbouring parts of Asia.

This period is known as the Postmodern era ; though there's no widely agreed upon central definition of Postmodernism, many themes and techniques commonly identified as Postmodern are nearly identical to Surrealism.

This definition was used to categorize previously idiopathic cardiomyopathies although specific external causes have since been identified for many.

Some authors use a slight variation of the definition in which each object is identified with the corresponding identity morphism.

Six consensus criteria were identified by researchers for the diagnosis and definition of MCS in 1989 ( later edited in 1999 ):

In database theory, the relational model uses a tuple definition similar to tuples as functions, but each tuple element is identified by a distinct name, called an attribute, instead of a number ; this leads to a more user-friendly and practical notation, A tuple in the relational model is formally defined as a finite function that maps attributes to values.

where v < sub > m </ sub > denotes the voltage induced in circuit m. This agrees with the definition of inductance above if the coefficients L < sub > m, n </ sub > are identified with the coefficients of inductance.

These models enable some nonrecursive sets of numbers or languages ( including all recursively enumerable sets of languages ) to be " learned in the limit "; whereas, by definition, only recursive sets of numbers or languages could be identified by a Turing machine.

On March 15 WHO issues a heightened global health alert about the mysterious pneumonia with a case definition of SARS as after cases in Singapore and Canada are also identified.

However, using an extended definition of Centaurs, as the objects on unstable orbits with the perihelion inside the orbit of Neptune, the first binary centaur, 42355 Typhon ( previously known as ), was identified in 2006.

An early definition of test validity identified it with the degree of correlation between the test and a criterion.

Landform elements are parts of a high-order landforms that can be further identified and systematically given a cohesive definition such as hill-tops, shoulders, saddles, foreslopes and backslopes.

There are a number of common approaches how the external factors, which are mentioned in the definition of Kroon and which describe the macro environment, can be identified and examined.

The ' Team Development Model ', identified by Bruce Tuckman, offers a foundational definition of the stages teams go through during their lifecycle.

In a further study, Thornberg concluded that there are seven stages of moral deliberation as a bystander in bystander situations among the Swedish schoolchildren he observed and interviewed: ( a ) noticing that something is wrong, i. e., children pay selective attention to their environment, and sometimes they don't tune in on a distressed peer if they're in a hurry or their view is obstructed, ( b ) interpreting a need for help-sometimes children think others are just playing rather than actually in distress or they display pluralistic ignorance, ( c ) feeling empathy, i. e., having tuned in on a situation and concluded that help is needed, children might feel sorry for an injured peer, or angry about unwarranted aggression ( empathic anger ), ( d ) processing the school's moral frames-Thornberg identified five contextual ingredients influencing children's behavior in bystander situations ( the definition of a good students, tribe caring, gender stereotypes, and social-hierarchy-dependent morality ), ( e ) scanning for social status and relations, i. e., students were less likely to intervene if they didn't define themselves as friends of the victim or belonging to the same significant social category as the victim, or if there were high-status students present or involved as aggressors-conversely, lower-status children were more likely to intervene if only a few other low-status children were around, ( f ) condensing motives for action, such as considering a number of factors such as possible benefits and costs, and ( g ) acting, i. e., all of the above coalesced into a decision to intervene or not.