Spectroscopy consists of many different applications such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, dual polarisation interferometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy and so on.

Although water is vital for life, the structure of this water in the cytosol is not well understood, mostly because methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance only give information on the average structure of water, and cannot measure local variations at the microscopic scale.

However, the use of advanced nuclear magnetic resonance methods to directly measure the mobility of water in living cells contradicts this idea, as it suggests that 85 % of cell water acts like that pure water, while the remainder is less mobile and probably bound to macromolecules.

Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei through the strong nuclear forces, but in addition, the magnetic moment of neutrons is non-zero.

Dysprosium is used for its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section in making control rods in nuclear reactors, for its high magnetic susceptibility in data storage applications, and as a component of Terfenol-D. Soluble dysprosium salts are mildly toxic, while the insoluble salts are considered non-toxic.

In the early days of nuclear magnetic resonance he studied the underlying theory, and in 1959 he coauthored the text book High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with W. G.

Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ), nuclear magnetic resonance imaging ( NMRI ), or magnetic resonance tomography ( MRT ) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to visualize internal structures of the body in detail.

MRI makes use of the property of nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) to image nuclei of atoms inside the body.

In 1973, Lauterbur published the first nuclear magnetic resonance image.

In a 1971 paper in the journal Science, Dr. Raymond Damadian, an Armenian-American physician, scientist, and professor at the Downstate Medical Center State University of New York ( SUNY ), reported that tumors and normal tissue can be distinguished in vivo by nuclear magnetic resonance (" NMR ").

The other sources of magnetism are the nuclear magnetic moments of the nuclei in the material which are typically thousands of times smaller than the electrons ' magnetic moments, so they are negligible in the context of the magnetization of materials.

Nuclear magnetic moments are important in other contexts, particularly in nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ).

The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology.

Nanodevices could be observed at work inside the body using MRI, especially if their components were manufactured using mostly < sup > 13 </ sup > C atoms rather than the natural < sup > 12 </ sup > C isotope of carbon, since < sup > 13 </ sup > C has a nonzero nuclear magnetic moment.

* Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance

* Protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

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Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.

It is important to consider and experimentally verify this influence since quantitative nuclear resonance is becoming increasingly used in investigations of structure.

Common methods are infra-red ( IR ) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectroscopy.

* Nuclear magnetic resonance on molecules in solution ( liquid-state NMR ) ( qubit provided by nuclear spins within the dissolved molecule )

The series creators have said that the Clangers, living in vacuum, did not actually communicate by sound, but rather by a type of nuclear magnetic resonance, which was translated to audible whistles for the human audience.

William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. ( December 9, 1919April 14, 2011 ) was a Nobel Prize-winning American inorganic and organic chemist working in nuclear magnetic resonance, theoretical chemistry, boron chemistry, and biochemistry.

"... progress in structure determination, for new polyborane species and for substituted boranes and carboranes, would be greatly accelerated if the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, rather than X-ray diffraction, could be used.

* Henry Moseley shows that nuclear charge is the real basis for numbering the elements and discovers a systematic relation between wavelength and atomic number by using x-ray spectra obtained by diffraction in crystals.

" Advances in research have been " taking advantage of the unusual facilities " in the Department, and include the work of Warren on structure of liquids, Mueller on dielectric properties, Stockbarger on crystal physics, Harrison on automating spectroscopic measurement, Wulff on hyperfine structure, Boyce on spectra of nebulae, Van der Graaff on high voltage and nuclear research, and Stratton and Morse on ellipsoidal wave functions.

Spin-spin coupling between nuclear spin and electronic spin is responsible for hyperfine structure in atomic spectra.

In nuclear physics, random matrices were introduced by Eugene Wigner to model the spectra of heavy atoms.

Gamma-ray spectroscopy is the quantitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, in the nuclear laboratory and nuclear process, and in geochemical, astrophysical and other radiation measurement contexts.

However, the interaction of an unpaired electron, by way of its magnetic moment, with nearby nuclear spins, results in additional allowed energy states and, in turn, multi-lined spectra.

Experimental background Anisotropic interactions modify the nuclear spin energy levels ( and hence the resonance frequency ) of all sites in a molecule, and often contribute to a line-broadening effect in NMR spectra.

In a so-called NMR spin echo experiment this technique uses the nuclear spin precession phase, allowing to distinguish chemically and physically completely identical species e. g. in the liquid phase, as for example water molecules within liquid water.

* Solid-state NMR Kane quantum computers ( qubit realized by the nuclear spin state of phosphorus donors in silicon )

Distinct nuclear spin states can have their energy separated by a magnetic field, and this allows for NMR spectroscopy.

< sup > 51 </ sup > V has a nuclear spin of 7 / 2 which is useful for NMR spectroscopy.

The diagram at left shows a typical nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectrum of a borane molecule.

Lipscomb investigated, "... the carboranes, C < sub > 2 </ sub > B < sub > 10 </ sub > H < sub > 12 </ sub >, and the sites of electrophilic attack on these compounds using nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectroscopy.

For comparison, the nearest competing method in terms of structures analyzed is nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectroscopy, which has resolved 9561 chemical structures.

Resonance phenomena occur with all types of vibrations or waves: there is mechanical resonance, acoustic resonance, electromagnetic resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ), electron spin resonance ( ESR ) and resonance of quantum wave functions.

It can be applied to a variety of types of spectroscopy including optical spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR, FT-NIRS ), nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging ( MRSI ), mass spectrometry and electron spin resonance spectroscopy.

In each of these materials, the anisotropic nature of the pairing is implicated by the power-law dependence of the nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) relaxation rate and specific heat capacity on temperature.

Proton precession magnetometers, also known as proton magnetometers, PPMs or simply mags, measure the resonance frequency of protons ( hydrogen nuclei ) in the magnetic field to be measured, due to nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ).

The technology is based on a nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) machine, which is similar to the medical magnetic resonance imaging machine.

After returning to Switzerland, Wüthrich collabrated with among others nobel laureate Richard R. Ernst on developing the first 2 dimensional NMR experiments, and established the nuclear Overhauser effect as a convenient way of measuring distances within proteins.

Over the past several decades, he has been a pioneer in the use of nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) or magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) to study biochemical processes.

A magnetic resonance imaging instrument ( MRI scanner ), or " nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) imaging " scanner as it was originally known, uses powerful magnets to polarise and excite hydrogen nuclei ( single proton ) in water molecules in human tissue, producing a detectable signal which is spatially encoded, resulting in images of the body.

For instance, nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectroscopy is commonly used in synthetic organic chemistry and physical chemistry and for structural analysis in macromolecular chemistry.

In a medical setting, NMR is often known simply as " magnetic resonance " imaging, as the word ' nuclear ' has negative connotations for many people.

Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ), also called nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) scanning, uses powerful magnets to show pleural effusions and tumors.

Proteins in the native state will have defined secondary structure, which can be detected spectroscopically, by circular dichroism and by nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ).

The chemical shift of amino acids in a random-coil conformation is well known in nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ).