As early as the 6th century B.C. the earth was seen to be spherical.

At Eretria the identity of an excavated 7th and 6th century temple to Apollo Daphnephoros, " Apollo, laurel-bearer ", or " carrying off Daphne ", a " place where the citizens are to take the oath ", is identified in inscriptions.

In the 6th century BC the kingdom of Lydia almost expanded to the whole of Asia Minor, until it became a satrapy of the Persian Empire.

Later during the 6th century BC, most of Anatolia was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Persians having usurped the Medes as the dominant dynasty in Iran.

Also, in the 6th century BC, the Indo-European Armenians founded the Orontid Dynasty in Urartu.

In India, the Ājīvika, Jain, and Cārvāka schools of atomism may date back to the 6th century BCE.

In general, the alphabets of the Mediterranean region ( Anatolia, Greece, Italy ) are classified as Phoenician-derived, adapted from around the 8th century BCE, while those of the East ( the Levant, Persia, Central Asia and India ) are considered Aramaic-derived, adapted from around the 6th century BCE from the Imperial Aramaic script of the Achaemenid Empire.

By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tène culture was well established.

The first case recorded of the partial exemption of an abbot from episcopal control is that of Faustus, abbot of Lerins, at the council of Arles, AD 456 ; but the exorbitant claims and exactions of bishops, to which this repugnance to episcopal control is to be traced, far more than to the arrogance of abbots, rendered it increasingly frequent, and, in the 6th century, the practice of exempting religious houses partly or altogether from episcopal control, and making them responsible to the pope alone, received an impulse from Pope Gregory the Great.

* Pherecydes of Syros ( 6th century BC )

The earliest records of the study of this phenomenon are attributed to the philosopher Pythagoras in the 6th century BC.

In the 6th century BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras wanted to know why some musical intervals seemed more beautiful than others, and he found answers in terms of numerical ratios representing the harmonic overtone series on a string.

Rebuilt by the emperor Justin I after an earthquake in the 6th century, it became Justinopolis ( 525 ); but the old native name persisted, and when Thoros I, king of Lesser Armenia, made it his capital early in the 12th century, it was known as Anazarva.

Area settled by the Alemanni, and sites of Roman-Alamannic battles, 3rd to 6th century

Thus 6th century Gallo-Romans of Gregory's class, surrounded by the ruins of Roman temples and public buildings, attributed the destruction they saw to the plundering raids of the Alemanni.

The gold bracteate of Pliezhausen ( 6th or 7th century ) shows typical iconography of the pagan period.

We know that in the 6th century, the Alemanni were predominantly pagan, and in the 8th century, they were predominantly Christian.

Alcaeus ( Alkaios, ) of Mytilene ( c. 620 – 6th century BC ), Greek lyric poet from Lesbos Island who is credited with inventing the Alcaic verse.

By the 6th century Alexander's commentaries on Aristotle were considered so useful that he was referred to as " the commentator " ().

Anacharsis (; ) was a Scythian philosopher who travelled from his homeland on the northern shores of the Black Sea to Athens in the early 6th century BC and made a great impression as a forthright, outspoken " barbarian ", apparently a forerunner of the Cynics, though none of his works have survived.

Dr. Alastair Northedge, a British archaeologist who wrote a book about findings in ' Anah, wrote that the minaret is ' commonly attributed to the Uqaylid ( dynasty ) and the 5th / 11th century ( AH / AD ), though ... more probably of the 6th / 12th century.

Cosmas Indicopleustes in the 6th century AD wrote of Atlantis in his Christian Topography in an attempt to prove his theory that the world was flat and surrounded by water:

They found the baptistry of the 6th century cathedral and large amounts of pottery dated to the 6th and 7th centuries AD ; in other words, the early Christian town.

Disruption in the trade of tin for bronze from Western Europe may have contributed to the increasing popularity of brass in the east and by the 6th – 7th centuries AD over 90 % of copper alloy artefacts from Egypt were made of brass.

Successful recreations have been performed by Anthemius of Tralles ( 6th century AD ), Proclus ( 6th century ) ( who by this means purportedly destroyed the fleet of Vitellus besieging Constantinople ), Ibn Sahl in his On Burning Mirrors and Lenses ( 10th century ), Alhazen in his Book of Optics ( 1021 ), Roger Bacon ( 13th century ), Giambattista della Porta and his friends ( 16th century ), Athanasius Kircher and Gaspar Schott ( 17th century ), the Comte du Buffon in 1740 in Paris, Ioannis Sakas in the 1970s in Greece, and others.

By the 6th century AD there is evidence of the foundation of a Bavarian stem duchy whose leadership was related to the ruling Frankish ( and possibly Alemannic / Swabian ) houses.

Likewise, the 6th century historian Zosimus, reporting events around AD 280, refers to " the Bastarnae, a Scythian people ".

First described by the 1st-century AD Roman poet Martial, who praised its convenient use, the codex achieved numerical parity with the scroll around AD 300, and had completely replaced it throughout the now Christianised Greco-Roman world by the 6th century.

The earliest evidence, anywhere in the world, for a crank and connecting rod in a machine appears in the late Roman Hierapolis sawmill from the 3rd century AD and two Roman stone sawmills at Gerasa, Roman Syria, and Ephesus, Asia Minor ( both 6th century AD ).

All Christian monasticism stems, either directly or indirectly, from the Egyptian example: Saint Basil the Great Archbishop of Caesaria of Cappadocia, founder and organizer of the monastic movement in Asia Minor, visited Egypt around AD 357 and his rule is followed by the Eastern Orthodox Churches ; Saint Jerome who translated the Bible into Latin, came to Egypt, while en route to Jerusalem, around AD 400 and left details of his experiences in his letters ; Benedict founded the Benedictine Order in the 6th century on the model of Saint Pachomius, but in a stricter form.

Marble plate with 6th century AD law regulating payment of customs in the Dardanelles

Until the 6th century AD, the region of today's Franconia was probably dominated by Alamanni and Thuringians.

From the 6th century AD until 771, the area around modern-day Hastings, as the territory of the Haestingas tribe, considered itself to be a separate Kingdom from the surrounding Kingdoms of Suth Saxe (" South Saxons ", i. e. Sussex ) and Kent, and attempted to retain its separate cultural identity until the 11th century.

Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the Bosporan Kingdom, a Hellenistic polity which succeeded the Greek colonies, was also overwhelmed by successive waves of nomadic invasions, led by warlike tribes which would often move on to Europe, as was the case with the Huns and Turkish Avars.

The first written records of native life begin in the 6th century AD when the founding of the kingdom of Dál Riata took place.

During the 2nd century AD Irish influence was at work in the region and by the 6th century the kingdom of Dál Riata was established.

The earliest well-documented state in the region was the Turkic Kaganate, or Gokturk, Köktürk state, established by the Ashina clan, which came into existence in the 6th century AD.

The burial sites are crematorial and are usually dated from the 6th century BC through the 3rd AD, so that a settlement breakoff seems unlikely.

The cemetery contains four inscribed stones, dated to the 5th or 6th century AD.

Stephanus Byzantius, writing in the 6th century, says Ogyges was the first king of Lycia.

* Stephanus of Byzantium, 6th century author of Ethnica, a geographical dictionary

114 ) and Stephanus of Byzantium in the 6th century wrote the same ( Ethnica, 118.

Although existent only in fragments, the geographer Stephanus of Byzantium wrote a geographical dictionary in the 6th century which influenced later European compilers of gazetteers by the 16th century.

Stephanus of Byzantium, a lexicographer of the 6th century AD, claimed that the city was named after Eresos, a son of the mythical king of Lesbos, Macar.

It is mentioned as Auos () by Stephanus of Byzantium in the 6th century AD.