* Intrauterine fetal blood transfusion for Rh disease

Intrauterine growth restriction ( IUGR ) refers to poor growth of a baby while in the mother's womb during pregnancy.

# REDIRECT Intrauterine growth restriction

# REDIRECT Intrauterine growth restriction

# REDIRECT Intrauterine growth restriction

Intrauterine growth restriction ( IUGR ) refers to a condition in which a fetus is unable to achieve its genetically determined potential size.

Intrauterine growth retardation and other perinatal problems raise the possibility of transience, while large birthweight suggests one of the more persistent conditions.

Commonly reported fetal abnormalities include hypotension, renal dysplasia, anuria / oliguria, oligohydramnios, intrauterine growth retardation, pulmonary hypoplasia, patent ductus arteriosus, and incomplete ossification of the skull.

Also help to stimulate the growth of the fetal gonads.

The most dramatic fetal development occurs in the last 3 months of pregnancy when 60 % of fetal growth occurs.

Macrobiotic diets have not been tested in women who are pregnant or breast-feeding, and some versions may not include enough of certain nutrients for normal fetal growth.

* Assess fetal growth ( for evidence of intrauterine growth restriction ( IUGR ))

Symphysis-fundal height ( SFH ; in cm ) should equal gestational age after 20 weeks of gestation, and the fetal growth should be plotted on a curve during the antenatal visits.

IUGR is used to describe a pattern of intrauterine fetal growth that deviates from expected norms, whereas SGA is a category assigned based on birth weight.

The effect is attributed to reduced placental development causing reduced fetal growth.

Although early reduction of placental development is not accompanied by concurrent reduction of fetal growth ; it tends to limit fetal growth later in gestation.

Normally, ovine placental mass increases until about day 70 of gestation, but high demand on the placenta for fetal growth occurs later.

Category: Disorders related to length of gestation and fetal growth

Chronic exposure to phenytoin during pregnancy has been suggested to present a risk of acquiring the fetal hydantoin syndrome which is manifested by intrauterine growth restriction and microcephaly.

The fetus may already have been compromised by intrauterine growth retardation, and with the toxemic changes during eclampsia may suffer fetal distress.

Animal studies indicate that the mother's ( and possibly the father's ) diet, vitamin intake, and glucose levels prior to ovulation and conception have long-term effects on fetal growth and adolescent and adult disease.

Increased incidences of fetal structural abnormalities and other manifestations of developmental toxicity ( embryolethality, growth retardation ) were observed in the offspring of animals ( rats and rabbits ) treated with either oxcarbazepine or its active 10-hydroxy metabolite ( MHD ) during pregnancy at doses similar to the maximum recommended human dose.

* Biparietal Diameter, a fetal measurement on dating and growth monitoring.

Alcohol crosses the placental barrier and can stunt fetal growth or weight, create distinctive facial stigmata, damage neurons and brain structures, which can result in psychological or behavioral problems, and cause other physical damage.

A study of pregnancies in eight European countries found that consuming no more than one drink per day did not appear to have any effect on fetal growth.

Severe prenatal deficiency of GH, as occurs in congenital hypopituitarism, has little effect on fetal growth.

Teratogens are substances or environmental agents which cause the development of abnormal cell masses during fetal growth, resulting in physical defects in the fetus.

Alcohol exposure in developing fetus can result in slowed development of the fetal brain resulting in severe retardation or death.

Whether the intrauterine growth retardation can facilitate the apparition of gastroschisis or the abdominal wall defect impairs fetal growth is not clear yet.

Animal studies have revealed increased incidences of fetal structural abnormalities and other manifestations of developmental toxicity including lethality, growth retardation, and both nervous and reproduction system functional impairment.

Woven bone is produced when osteoblasts produce osteoid rapidly, which occurs initially in all fetal bones ( but is later replaced by more resilient lamellar bone ).

The outer cells become the trophectoderm or trophoblast, which will form in combination with maternal uterine endometrial tissue the placenta, needed for fetal nurturing via maternal blood, while inner cells become the inner cell mass that will form all fetal organs ( the bridge between these two parts eventually forms the umbilical cord ).

The fetal stethoscope is also known as a Pinard's stethoscope or a pinard, after French obstetrician Adolphe Pinard ( 1844 – 1934 ).

Some embryos do not survive through to the fetal stage, which begins about two months after fertilization ( 10 weeks LMP ).

* Dead were buried in a fetal position, surrounded by the burial offerings and artifacts, facing west ( Africa ).

In some U. S. States, informed consent laws ( sometimes called " Right To Know " laws ) require that a woman seeking an elective abortion be given factual information by the abortion provider about her legal rights, alternatives to abortion ( such as adoption ), available public and private assistance, and medical facts ( some of which are disputed — see fetal pain ), before the abortion is performed ( usually 24 hours in advance of the abortion ).

Micrograph showing a fetal ( placenta l ) vein thrombosis, in a case of fetal thrombotic vasculopathy ( FTV ).

The newer integrated screen ( formerly called F. A. S. T. E. R for First And Second Trimester Early Results ) can be done at 10 plus weeks to 13 plus weeks with an ultrasound of the fetal neck ( thick skin is bad ) and two chemicals ( analytes ) Papp-a and bhcg ( pregnancy hormone level itself ).

The clay may also provide critical calcium for fetal development ( Vermeer ).

Capillary blood sampling can be used to test for, for example, blood glucose ( such as in blood glucose monitoring ), hemoglobin, pH and lactate ( the two latter can be quantified in fetal scalp blood testing to check the acid base status of a fetus during childbirth ).

Zeus rescued the fetal Dionysus, however, by sewing him into his thigh ( whence the epithet Eiraphiotes, " insewn ", of the Homeric Hymn ).

More invasive monitoring can involve a foetal scalp electrode to give an additional measure of fetal heart activity, and / or intrauterine pressure catheter ( IUPC ).

Chemicals that have been linked to various forms of cancer were also discovered, as well as trichloroethylene, known to impair fetal development, at 50 times above safety limits specified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ).

Increased levels of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein ( MSAFP ) should be followed up by two tests-an ultrasound of the fetal spine and amniocentesis of the mother's amniotic fluid ( to test for alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase ).

The CDC definition of " fetal death " is based on the definition promulgated by the World Health Organization in 1950 ( see section above on Canada ).

They may choose to undergo noninvasive screening ( e. g. triple screen, cell-free fetal DNA screening ) or invasive diagnostic testing ( amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling ).

" Involuntary fetal mortality " involves natural abortion, miscarriages and stillbirth ( a fetus born dead ).

( Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, or MSAFP, is a useful screening test for other fetal conditions, including Down syndrome, spina bifida and abdominal wall defects such as gastroschisis ).

Metronidazole has also been used in women to prevent preterm birth associated with bacterial vaginosis, amongst other risk factors including the presence of cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin ( fFN ).

Though labour and vaginal birth are possible for the breech baby, certain fetal and maternal factors influence the safety of vaginal breech birth ( see below ).

The machine used to perform the monitoring is called a cardiotocograph, more commonly known as an electronic fetal monitor ( EFM ).

Schematic explanation of cardiotocography: heart rate ( A ) is calculated from fetal heart motion determined by ultrasound, and uterine contractions are measured by a tocodynamometer ( B ).

When introduced, this practice was expected to reduce the incidence of fetal demise in labor and make for a reduction in cerebral palsy ( CP ).