* List of rulers of Croatia

The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List is a list of rulers of Wessex, including the lengths of their reigns.

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* Rulers. org List of rulers throughout time and places

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* United Kingdom: List of rulers of the United Kingdom and predecessor states

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* List of Transylvanian rulers ( up to 1867 )

# REDIRECT List of Russian rulers

Earlier coinage necessarily featured Arabic epigraphs, but as Ayyubid society became more cosmopolitan and multi-ethnic, coinage began to feature astrological, figural ( featuring a variety of Greek, Seleucid, Byzantine, Sasanian, and contemporary Turkish rulers ' busts ), and animal images.

In the 1230s, the Ayyubid rulers of Syria attempted to assert their independence from Egypt and remained divided until Egyptian Sultan as-Salih Ayyub restored Ayyubid unity by taking over most of Syria, excluding Aleppo, by 1247.

This effectively ended Ayyubid power in Egypt and a number of attempts by the rulers of Syria, led by an-Nasir Yusuf of Aleppo, to recover it failed.

It was a common occurrence for the mothers of young Ayyubid rulers to act as independent powers or in a few cases, rulers in their own right.

Being well-educated themselves, the Ayyubid rulers became munificent patrons of learning and educational activity.

Like his father before him, he served as chief engineer at the Artuklu Palace, the residence of the Mardin branch of the Turkish Artuqid dynasty which ruled across eastern Anatolia as vassals of the Zangid rulers of Mosul and later Ayyubid general Saladin.

Sultan of Egypt was the status held by the rulers of Egypt after the establishment of the Ayyubid Dynasty of Saladin in 1174 until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517.

The coming of the Slave Army of the Mamluks in 1260, replacing the short lived late Muslim Ayyubid rulers ( 1244 – 1260 ) had little effect on the Armenians but great effect on the other Christian communities, many of whom were viewed as being part of the Crusader mentality.