Agathocles was cited as from the lowest, most abject condition of life and as an example of “ those who by their crimes come to be princes ” in Chapter VIII of Niccolò Machiavelli ’ s treatise on politics, The Prince ( 1513 ).

Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

* Niccolò Machiavelli ( 1469 – 1527 )

Niccolò Machiavelli cites Cesare's dependence on the good will of the Papacy, under the control of his father, to be the principal weakness of his rule.

Niccolò Machiavelli met the Duke on a diplomatic mission in his function as Secretary of the Florentine Chancellery.

* The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli

The Education of a Christian Prince was published in 1516, three years after Niccolò Machiavelli ’ s The Prince.

In political and historical writing Niccolò Machiavelli and his friend Francesco Guicciardini initiated a new realistic style of writing.

A second individual of unusually acute insight was Niccolò Machiavelli, whose prescriptions for Florence's regeneration under strong leadership have often been seen as a legitimization of political expediency and even malpractice.

* Niccolò Machiavelli and other Florentines preferred the version spoken by ordinary people in their own times.

To improve the well-being of her subjects she studied architecture, agriculture, and industry, and followed the principles that Niccolò Machiavelli had set forth for rulers in his book The Prince.

He also had a scheme for diverting the flow of the Arno River, a project on which Niccolò Machiavelli also worked.

* Il Principe ( 1974 ) ( text by Niccolò Machiavelli ) for 2 mixed choruses, 8 winds, 3 horns, tuba, bass guitar, piano

* 1469 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian historian and author ( d. 1527 )

Believing that people were motivated by self-interest, Niccolò Machiavelli wrote The Prince in 1513 as advice for the city of Florence, Italy.

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (, 3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527 ) was an Italian historian, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance.

Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy, the first son and third child of attorney, Bernardo di Niccolò Machiavelli, and his wife, Bartolomea di Stefano Nelli.

The Life of Niccolò Machiavelli ( 1963 ), a standard scholarly biography

The Life and Times of Niccolò Machiavelli ( 2 vol 1892 ), good older biography ; online Google edition vol 1 ; online Google edition vol 2

( 2011 ) Niccolò Machiavelli: History, Power, and Virtue.

Niccolò Machiavelli ( 2005 ) online edition

* Martelli, Mario ( 2004 ), “ Tracce d ` una preistoria dell ` Arte della Guerra di Niccolò Machiavelli ”, Interpres, XXIII, pp. 256 – 8.

* Martelli, Mario ( 1974 ), “ L ´ altro Niccolò di Bernardo Machiavelli ”, Rinascimento, XIV, pp. 39 – 100.

* Machiavelli, Niccolò.

Della Lingua ( Italian for " Of the Language ") ( 1514 ), a dialogue about Italy's language is normally attributed to Machiavelli.

Only one other contemporary of More's evokes so immediate and direct a response, and only one other contemporary work -- Niccolo Machiavelli and The Prince.

In The Prince, Machiavelli uses Borgia as an example to elucidate the dangers of acquiring a principality by virtue of another.

Machiavelli attributes two episodes to Cesare Borgia that were at least partially executed by his father: the method by which the Romagna was pacified, which Machiavelli describes in chapter VII of The Prince, and the assassination of his captains on New Year's Eve of 1503 in Senigallia.

In other words, Machiavelli was a sort of political thinker, perhaps most renowned for his political handbook titled, The Prince, which is about ruling and the exercise of power.

In The Prince, the Discourses, and in the Life of Castruccio Castracani, he describes " prophets ," as he calls them, like Moses, Romulus, Cyrus the Great, and Theseus ( he treats pagan and Christian patriarchs in the same way ) as the greatest of new princes, the glorious and brutal founders of the most novel innovations in politics, and men whom Machiavelli assures us have always used a large amount of armed force and murder against their own people.

Machiavelli is most famous for a short political treatise, The Prince, written in 1513 but not published until 1532, five years after his death.

One of the most important early works dedicated to criticism of Machiavelli, especially The Prince, was that of the Huguenot, Innocent Gentillet, whose work commonly referred to as Discourse against Machiavelli or Anti Machiavel was published in Geneva in 1576.

" Machiavelli: The Republican Citizen and the Author of ' the Prince '", English Historical Review Vol.

An Unlikely Prince: The Life and Times of Machiavelli ( Da Capo Press ; 2010 ) 334 pages

* The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli

A minority ( including Jean-Jacques Rousseau ) could interpret The Prince as a satire meant to be given to the Medici after their recapture of Florence and their subsequent expulsion of Machiavelli from Florence.

Julius features prominently in The Prince of Niccolò Machiavelli, both as an enemy of a leading protagonist of The Prince, Cesare Borgia, and as an example of an ecclesiastical prince who consolidates authority and wisely follows Fortuna.

By the time Machiavelli began work on The Prince, he had decided to refer to both aristocracies and democracies as republics.

The early 16th century works of Machiavelli ( especially The Prince ) played a central role in popularizing the use of the word " state " in something similar to its modern sense.

* The Prince is published five years after death of the author Niccolò Machiavelli.

* Niccolò Machiavelli writes The Prince.