Designed to put forward news from across Europe with his own Marxist interpretation of events, Marx remained one of its primary writers, accompanied by other fellow members of the Communist League who wrote for the paper, although despite their input it remained, according to Friedrich Engels, " a simple dictatorship by Marx ", who dominated the choice of content.

From December 1851 to March 1852 Marx wrote The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, a work on the French Revolution of 1848, in which he expanded upon his concepts of historical materialism, class struggle and the dictatorship of the proletariat, advancing the argument that victorious proletariat has to smash the bourgeois state.

Marxism – Leninism is a communist ideology, officially based upon the theories of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Vladimir Lenin, that promotes the development and creation of an international communist society through the leadership of a vanguard party presiding over a revolutionary socialist state that represents a dictatorship of the proletariat.

Both Marx and Engels argued that the short-lived Paris Commune, which ran the French capital for three months before being repressed, was an example of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

The German political theorist and sociologist Karl Marx ( 1818 – 1883 ) was the primary founder of Marxism, although he himself wrote little about the nature of the dictatorship of the proletariat, with his published works instead largely focusing on analysing and criticising capitalist society.

Marx expanded upon his ideas about the dictatorship of the proletariat in his short 1875 work, Critique of the Gotha Program, a scathing criticism and attack on the principles laid out in the programme of the German Workers ' Party ( predecessor to the SPD ), a socialist organisation whose policies he thought to be ineffectual.

In other works, Marx stated that he considered the Paris Commune, a revolutionary socialist government that ran the city of Paris from March to May 1871, as an example of the proletarian dictatorship.

On one side, contrary to Karl Marx, Blanqui did not believe in the preponderant role of the working class, nor in popular movements: he thought, on the contrary, that the revolution should be carried out by a small group, who would establish a temporary dictatorship by force.

Although some have separated Marx's works between a " young Marx " ( in particular the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 ) and a " mature Marx " or also by separating it into purely philosophical works, economics works and political and historical interventions, Étienne Balibar ( 1993 ) has pointed out that Marx's works can be divided into " economic works " ( Das Kapital, 1867 ), " philosophical works " and " historical works " ( The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, the 1871 Civil War in France which concerned the Paris Commune and acclaimed it as the first " dictatorship of the proletariat ", etc.

Although the term " class struggle " was introduced by Marx / Engels and " aggravation of class struggle " was an expression originally coined by Vladimir Lenin in 1919 to refer to the dictatorship of the proletariat, the theory of " class struggle under socialism " was put forward by Joseph Stalin in 1933 and supplied a theoretical base for the claim that ongoing repression of political opponents is necessary.

Justice, good sense, honesty, and the honor of the International brazenly rejected, its very existence endangered – all this the better to establish the dictatorship of Mr. Marx.

He foresaw, like Karl Marx, the phenomenon of an alienated industrial proletariat.

According to Karl Marx, industrialisation polarised society into the bourgeoisie ( those who own the means of production, the factories and the land ) and the much larger proletariat ( the working class who actually perform the labour necessary to extract something valuable from the means of production ).

" It goes on to look at the antagonisms that Marx claimed were arising between the clashes of interest between the bourgeoisie ( the wealthy middle class ) and the proletariat ( the industrial working class ).

Hoping to see the revolution spread to Germany, in 1848 Marx moved back to Cologne ( Köln ) where he began issuing a handbill entitled the Demands of the Communist Party in Germany, in which he argued for only four of the ten points of the Communist Manifesto, believing that in Germany at that time, the bourgeoisie must overthrow the feudal monarchy and aristocracy before the proletariat could overthrow the bourgeoisie.

Marx believed that if the proletariat were to seize the means of production, they would encourage social relations that would benefit everyone equally, abolishing exploiting class, and introduce a system of production less vulnerable to cyclical crises.

Marx defined the proletariat as salaried workers, in contrast to the lumpen proletariat, who he defined as outcasts of society, such as beggars, tricksters, entertainers, buskers, criminals and prostitutes.

In Chapter II: “ Proletarians and Communists ” of The Communist Manifesto ( 1848 ), Engels and Marx presented the idea of the vanguard party as solely qualified to politically lead the proletariat in revolution:

The major characteristics of socialism ( particularly as conceived by Marx and Engels after the Paris Commune of 1871 ) are that the proletariat will control the means of production through a workers ' state erected by the workers in their interests.

Marx himself argued that it was the goal of the proletariat itself to displace the capitalist system with socialism, changing the social relationships underpinning the class system and then developing into a future communist society in which: ".. the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.

" Marx believed, especially after the Revolutions of 1848, that Mazzini's point of view had become reactionary, and the proletariat had nothing to do with it.

Vladimir Lenin wrote: " After his friend Karl Marx ( who died in 1883 ), Engels was the finest scholar and teacher of the modern proletariat in the whole civilised world ....

As an economist Karl Marx acknowledged the bourgeois industriousness that created wealth, yet criticised the moral hypocrisy of the bourgeoisie when they ignored the true origins of their wealth — the exploitation of the proletariat, the urban and rural workers.

In a case history of England, Marx described how the serfs became free peasant proprietors and small farmers, who were, over time, forcibly expropriated and driven off the land, forming a property-less proletariat.

It is based partially on earlier theories by Marx and Lenin, but rejects the urban proletariat and Leninist emphasis on heavy industrialization in favor of a revolution supported by the peasantry, and a decentralized agrarian economy based on many collectively worked farms.

Nonetheless, such a teleological ( goal-oriented ) reading of Karl Marx, supported by Alexandre Kojève before the Second World War ( 1939 – 45 ), was criticized by Louis Althusser in his discussion of “ random materialism ” ( matérialisme aléatoire ), in which he said that such a teleological reading rendered the proletariat as the subject of history ; therefore, such an interpretation was tainted with Hegelian idealism, with the “ philosophy of the subject ”, that had been in force for five centuries, which he criticized as the “ bourgeois ideology of philosophy ”.

" According to Marx, this began with the phase of primitive communism ( hunter-gatherer society ), after which the Neolithic Revolution gave way to slave societies, progressing into the feudal society, and then into his present era of the Industrial Revolution, after which he held that the next step was for the proletariat to overthrow the owners of industry and establish a socialist society, which would further develop into a communist society, in which class distinctions, money, and the state would have withered from existence entirely.

In the remainder of the text, Marx outlines his proposal that the proletariat ' make the revolution permanent '.

The paper was based not in Germany, but in the city of Paris in neighbouring France, and it was here that both Marx and his wife moved in October 1843.

It was in Paris that, on 28 August 1844, Marx met German socialist Friedrich Engels at the Café de la Régence after becoming interested in the ideas that the latter had expressed in articles written for the Rheinische Zeitung and the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.

Temporarily settling down in Paris, Marx transferred the Communist League executive headquarters to the city and also set up a German Workers ' Club with various German socialists living there.

Marx returned to Paris, which was then under the grip of both a reactionary counter-revolution and a cholera epidemic, and was soon expelled by the city authorities who considered him a political threat.

In February 1936, shortly before the purge started in earnest, Bukharin was sent to Paris by Stalin to negotiate the purchase of Marx and Engels archives, held by the German Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) before its dissolution by Hitler.

* August 28 – Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx meet in Paris, France.

Engels sent the article to Paris, where Marx published it in the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.

On the way, he stopped in Paris to meet Karl Marx, with whom he had an earlier correspondence.

Marx had been living in Paris since late October 1843 following the banning of the Rheinsche Zeitung by Prussian governmental authorities in March 1843.

In Paris, Marx was now publishing the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.

Engels stayed in Paris to help Marx write The Holy Family.

Engels ' earliest contribution to Marx's work was writing to the Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher journal, which was edited by both Marx and Arnold Ruge in Paris in 1844.

However, as Ruge remained a Young Hegelian in his belief, Marx and Ruge soon split and Ruge left the Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher Nonetheless, following the split, Marx remained friendly enough with Ruge that he sent Ruge a warning on January 15, 1845 that the Paris police were going to execute orders against Marx, Ruge and others at the Deutshe-französische Jahrbücher requiring all to leave Paris within 24 hours.

Marx himself, was expelled from Paris by French authorities on February 3, 1845 and settled in Brussels, Belgium with his wife and one daughter.

After the coup, Marx lost his Prussian citizenship, was deported, and fled to Paris and then London.

The two influenced each other: they met in Paris while Marx was exiled there.

Eventually he arrived in Paris, where he met George Sand, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Karl Marx.