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Marxism – Leninism is a communist ideology, officially based upon the theories of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Vladimir Lenin, that promotes the development and creation of an international communist society through the leadership of a vanguard party presiding over a revolutionary socialist state that represents a dictatorship of the proletariat.
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Marxism and –
The most notable examples are Sun Yat-Sen's Three Principles of the People ideology and Mao Zedong's Maoism, a variant of Marxism – Leninism.
Hoxha's leadership was characterized by his proclaimed firm adherence to anti-revisionist Marxism – Leninism from the mid-1970s onwards.
Early currents of libertarian Marxism, known as left communism, emerged in opposition to Marxism – Leninism and its derivatives, such as Stalinism, Maoism, and Trotskyism.
Libertarian Marxism includes such currents as Luxemburgism, council communism, left communism, Socialisme ou Barbarie, the Johnson – Forest tendency, world socialism, Lettrism / Situationism and operaismo / autonomism, and New Left.
The highly decentralized and democratic nature of the proposed De Leonist government is in contrast to the democratic centralism of Marxism – Leninism and what they see as the dictatorial nature of the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China and other " communist " states.
Developed by, and named for, the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin ( Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, 1870 – 1924 ), Leninism comprises political and socialist economic theories, developed from Marxism, and Lenin ’ s interpretations of Marxist theory, for practical application to the socio-political conditions of the agrarian Russian Empire ( 1721 – 1917 ) of the early 20th century.
Moreover, in post – Lenin Russia, in the 1925 – 29 period, Joseph Stalin integrated Leninism to Marxist economics, and developed Marxism – Leninism, which then became the Communist state ideology of the USSR.
Thus, Lenin's practical application of Marxism and working-class urban revolution to the social, political, and economic conditions of the agrarian peasant society that was Tsarist Russia sparked the “ revolutionary nationalism of the poor ” to depose the absolute monarchy of the three-hundred-year Romanov dynasty ( 1613 – 1917 ).
Maurice Merleau-Ponty () ( 14 March 1908 – 3 May 1961 ) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Karl Marx, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger in addition to being closely associated with Jean-Paul Sartre ( who later stated he had been " converted " to Marxism by Merleau-Ponty ) and Simone de Beauvoir.
Lenin was an advocate of the socio-political theory of Marxism, first developed by the German sociologists Karl Marx ( 1818 – 1883 ) and Friedrich Engels ( 1820 – 1895 ) in the mid-19th century, and Li's articles helped bring an understanding of Marxism to the Chinese revolutionary movement, even though he failed to fully understand it himself.
Beginning to read and discuss the work of Marx with Li and other like-minded radicals at a Marxist Study Group, he eventually " developed rapidly toward Marxism " under Li's tutelage during the winter of 1918 – 19, looking for ways to combine it with ancient Chinese philosophies that would be applicable to modern China.
Marxism – Leninism ( and its derivatives ) was the dominant ideology of the international Communist movement following the ascension of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, and as such, it is the political ideology and movement most often associated with the word " Communism ".
Marxism – Leninism is a far-left ideology based on principles of class conflict, egalitarianism, dialectical materialism, rationalism, and social progress.
Additionally, Marxism – Leninism opposes certain aspects of other forms of Marxian socialism, including left communism and council communism, as well as certain aspects of non-Marxist socialist movements, such as anarchism and syndicalism.
According to G. Lisichkin, Marxism – Leninism as a separate ideology was compiled by Stalin in his book " The questions of Leninism ".
During the period of Stalin's rule in the Soviet Union, Marxism – Leninism was proclaimed the official ideology of the state.
Trotskyists in particular believe that Stalinism contradicted authentic Marxism and Leninism, and they initially used the term " Bolshevik – Leninism " to describe their own ideology of anti-Stalinist ( and later anti-Maoist ) communism.
Marxism and Leninism
* Fundamentals of Marxism Leninism
* Fundamentals of Marxism Leninism
Among Stalin's contributions to Communist theoretical literature were " Dialectical and Historical Materialism ," " Marxism and the National Question ", " Trotskyism or Leninism ", and " The Principles of Leninism.
These tendencies include Leninism, Stalinism, Trotskyism, Maoism, Luxemburgism, and libertarian Marxism.
After the October Revolution of 1917, Leninism was the dominant version of Marxism in Russia, and then the official state ideology of Soviet democracy ( by workers ’ council ) in the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic ( RSFSR ), before its unitary amalgamation into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ), in 1922.
Left communists rejected " Marxism – Leninism " as an anti-Marxist current.
The term " Marxism – Leninism " is often used by those who believe that Lenin's legacy was successfully carried forward by Joseph Stalin ( Stalinists ).
Marxism and is
A party history pamphlet went so far as to state that the party needed to eliminate " the incorrect, un-Marxist interpretation of the role of the individual in history, which is expressed in propaganda by the idealist theory of the cult of personality, which is alien to Marxism ".
( 2003 ) " Psychology is so critical, only Marxism can save us now ," ( on-line )
Dialectical materialism is a strand of Marxism, synthesizing Hegel's dialectics, which proposes that every economic order grows to a state of maximum efficiency, while simultaneously developing internal contradictions and weaknesses that contribute to its systemic decay.
The first chapter " What is Orthodox Marxism?
As did Louis Althusser, who later defined Marxism and psychoanalysis as " conflictual sciences "; that political factions and revisionism are inherent to Marxist theory and political praxis, because dialectical materialism is the philosophic product of class struggle:
Initially Sorel had officially been a revisionist of Marxism, but by 1910 announced his abandonment of socialist literature and claimed in 1914, using an aphorism of Benedetto Croce that " socialism is dead " because of the " decomposition of Marxism ".
According to many Marxists influenced by Soviet Marxism, historical materialism is a specifically sociological method, while dialectical materialism refers to a more general, abstract, philosophy.
The opening lines of the pamphlet set forth the principal basis of Marxism, that " The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.
This distinction is usually associated with the structural Marxism school, and not all scholars agree that it exists.
There is a distinction between " Marxism " and " what Marx believed "; for example, shortly before he died in 1883, Marx wrote a letter to the French workers ' leader Jules Guesde, and to his own son-in-law Paul Lafargue, accusing them of " revolutionary phrase-mongering " and of lack of faith in the working class.
After the French party split into a reformist and revolutionary party, some accused Guesde ( leader of the latter ) of taking orders from Marx ; Marx remarked to Lafargue, " What is certain to me is if this is Marxism, then I myself am not Marxist " ( in a letter to Engels, Marx later accused Guesde of being a " Bakuninist ").
This abuse of Marx's thought is perhaps most clearly exemplified in Stalinist Marxism, described by critics as the " most widespread and successful form of mass indoctrination ... a masterly achievement in transforming Marxism into the official ideology of a consistently totalitarian state.
He is considered to be one of the finest Dutch essayists, his interests ranging from the fallacies of Marxism to nude beach etiquette.
Libertarian Marxism is also critical of reformist positions, such as those held by social democrats.
Along with anarchism, Libertarian Marxism is one of the main currents of libertarian socialism.
De Leonism, occasionally known as Marxism-Deleonism, is a form of syndicalist Marxism developed by Daniel De Leon.
Autonomist Marxism is thus a " bottom up " theory: it draws attention to activities that autonomists see as everyday working class resistance to capitalism, for example absenteeism, slow working, and socialization in the workplace.
Film studies is often considered a separate discipline, though television and video games studies grew out of it, as made evident by the application of basic critical theories such as psychoanalysis, feminism and Marxism.
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