In Modern Standard Arabic, fiqh has come to mean jurisprudence in general, be it Islamic or secular.

In the later Middle Ages, destructive Mongol invasions from the East, and the loss of population in the Black Death, greatly weakened the traditional centre of the Islamic world, stretching from Persia to Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire was able to conquer most Arabic-speaking areas, creating an Islamic world power again, although one that was unable to master the challenges of the Early Modern period.

Modern interpretations of Islamic texts advocate the unification of religion and state ruled by a Caliph.

The history of Libya comprises six distinct periods: Ancient Libya, the Roman era, the Islamic era, Ottoman rule, Italian rule, and the Modern era.

The first Modern Islamic state ( with the possible exception of Zia's Pakistan ) was established among the Shia of Iran.

Modern Islamic libraries for the most part do not hold these antique books ; many were lost, destroyed by Mongols, or removed to European libraries and museums during the colonial period.

The Book of Psalms ( Tiberian: Təhillîm ; Modern: Tehillim, ת ְ ה ִ ל ִּ ים, or " praises "), commonly referred to simply as Psalms, is a book of the Hebrew Bible, the Christian Bible, and the Islamic Zabur.

Rethinking Traditions in Modern Islamic Thought.

* Modern Islamic Architecture, Biennale 1982, Venice, Italy.

Until the Early Modern period Western ceramics had very little influence, but Islamic pottery was very sought after in Europe, and often copied.

** Modern Islamic philosophy

Modern Islamic philosophy has, in response to challenges of secular science and concerns that secular society is unwilling or unable to limit its uses of " dangerous technology ", especially nuclear weapon or biotechnology, begun to look at the origins of science to determine what ethics or limits can or should be imposed, and what goals or visions are appropriate for science.

** Modern Islamic philosophy

Modern commentators blame the Asharites for not allowing the Islamic world's innovation in sciences and technology, then leading the world.

Modern scholars such as Peter Partner and Malcolm Barber agree that the name of Baphomet was an Old French corruption of the name Muhammad, with the interpretation being that some of the Templars, through their long military occupation of the Outremer, had begun incorporating Islamic ideas into their belief system, and that this was seen and documented by the Inquisitors as heresy.

" Surrogate Motherhood " in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World ( vol.

* Modern Islamic philosophy

* Nomad Inception: Modern interpretation of Islamic Architecture

* Hamid Enyat, Modern Islamic Political Thought

* Modern Islamic philosophy

Modern Islamic exegetics considers Qur ' an as the source of religious tolerance.

During this era, Modern Talking were successful in Europe, Asia, South America, Middle East, particularly in Iran, where all Western pop music was banned after the 1979 Islamic revolution.

The history of the Old World ( Europe in particular, but also the Near East and North Africa ) is commonly divided into Antiquity, up to 476 CE ; the Middle Ages, from the 5th through the 15th centuries, including the Islamic Golden Age ( c. 750 CE – c. 1258 CE ) and the early European Renaissance ; the Early Modern period, from the 15th century to the late 18th, including the Age of Enlightenment ; and the Late Modern period, from the Industrial Revolution to the present, including Contemporary History.

: Modern styling: The Eurotram, used in Strasbourg has a modern design that makes it look almost as much like a train as a tram, and has large windows along its entire length.

Baskerville represents the peak of transitional type face and bridges the gap between Old Style and Modern type design.

The Museum of Modern Art described the Jeep as a masterpiece of functionalist design, and has periodically exhibited the Jeep as part of its collection.

The Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Archive, an administratively independent section of the Museum of Modern Art's department of architecture and design, was established in 1968 by the museum's trustees.

Modern microcode is normally written by an engineer during the processor design phase and stored in a ROM ( read-only memory ) or PLA ( programmable logic array ) structure,

Modern mainframe design is generally less defined by single-task computational speed ( typically defined as MIPS rate or FLOPS in the case of floating point calculations ), and more by:

Modern routers are able to support both MPLS and IP natively across a common interface allowing network operators great flexibility in network design and operation.

From the 1920s onwards, the Modern movement sought to design and plan cities which followed the logic of the new model of industrial mass production ; reverting to large-scale solutions, aesthetic standardisation and prefabricated design solutions ( Goodchild 1990 ).

Modern turbine design carries the calculations further.

It was condemned by Ruskin as the very model of mechanical dehumanisation in design, but later came to be presented as the prototype of Modern architecture.

Modern postmarks are often applied simultaneously with the cancellation or killer that marks the postage stamp ( s ) as having been used ( though in some circumstances there may be a postmark without a killer, and sometimes the postmark and killer form a continuous design ), and the two terms are often used interchangeably, if incorrectly.

Modern software design approaches usually combine both top-down and bottom-up approaches.

Modern design and fabrication techniques, along with advanced materials such as graphite, boron and fibreglass composites as well as stainless steel ( see Emmrod )- have allowed rod makers to tailor both the shape and action of fishing rods for greater casting distance, accuracy, and fish-fighting qualities.

Built in the 1950s, Skibo Hall's design was typical of Mid-Century Modern architecture, but was poorly equipped to deal with advances in computer and internet connectivity.

Modern urban design can be considered as part of the wider discipline of Urban planning.

Works such as Ildefons Cerda's General Theory of Urbanization ( 1867 ), Camillo Sitte ’ s City Planning According to Artistic Principles ( 1889 ), and Robinson ’ s The Improvement of Cities and Towns ( 1901 ) and Modern Civic Art ( 1903 ), all were primarily concerned with urban design, as did the later City Beautiful movement in North America.

During this time, he gained international recognition for a bridge design displayed at the Museum of Modern Art.

His bold, colorful and design oriented paintings significantly influenced Modern art.

Its design has a spot in the Museum of Modern Art's permanent collection.

The Festival was an influential advocate of the concept of " Good Design ", a rational approach to product design in accordance with the principles of the Modern Movement.

Modern scholarship rejects this attribution in favour of Jean de Chelles or Thomas de Cormont, while Robert Branner saw in the design the hand of an unidentified master mason from Amiens.

Modern safety glasses tend to be given a more stylish design in order to encourage their use.

In 1995, Aprilia commissioner Philippe Starck to design the Motò which was shown in New York ’ s Modern Art Museum.