In Modern Standard Arabic, fiqh has come to mean jurisprudence in general, be it Islamic or secular.

In the later Middle Ages, destructive Mongol invasions from the East, and the loss of population in the Black Death, greatly weakened the traditional centre of the Islamic world, stretching from Persia to Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire was able to conquer most Arabic-speaking areas, creating an Islamic world power again, although one that was unable to master the challenges of the Early Modern period.

Modern interpretations of Islamic texts advocate the unification of religion and state ruled by a Caliph.

The history of Libya comprises six distinct periods: Ancient Libya, the Roman era, the Islamic era, Ottoman rule, Italian rule, and the Modern era.

The first Modern Islamic state ( with the possible exception of Zia's Pakistan ) was established among the Shia of Iran.

* Modern Islamic design in mosque interior

The Book of Psalms ( Tiberian: Təhillîm ; Modern: Tehillim, ת ְ ה ִ ל ִּ ים, or " praises "), commonly referred to simply as Psalms, is a book of the Hebrew Bible, the Christian Bible, and the Islamic Zabur.

Rethinking Traditions in Modern Islamic Thought.

* Modern Islamic Architecture, Biennale 1982, Venice, Italy.

Until the Early Modern period Western ceramics had very little influence, but Islamic pottery was very sought after in Europe, and often copied.

** Modern Islamic philosophy

Modern Islamic philosophy has, in response to challenges of secular science and concerns that secular society is unwilling or unable to limit its uses of " dangerous technology ", especially nuclear weapon or biotechnology, begun to look at the origins of science to determine what ethics or limits can or should be imposed, and what goals or visions are appropriate for science.

** Modern Islamic philosophy

Modern commentators blame the Asharites for not allowing the Islamic world's innovation in sciences and technology, then leading the world.

Modern scholars such as Peter Partner and Malcolm Barber agree that the name of Baphomet was an Old French corruption of the name Muhammad, with the interpretation being that some of the Templars, through their long military occupation of the Outremer, had begun incorporating Islamic ideas into their belief system, and that this was seen and documented by the Inquisitors as heresy.

" Surrogate Motherhood " in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World ( vol.

* Modern Islamic philosophy

* Nomad Inception: Modern interpretation of Islamic Architecture

* Hamid Enyat, Modern Islamic Political Thought

* Modern Islamic philosophy

Modern Islamic exegetics considers Qur ' an as the source of religious tolerance.

During this era, Modern Talking were successful in Europe, Asia, South America, Middle East, particularly in Iran, where all Western pop music was banned after the 1979 Islamic revolution.

The history of the Old World ( Europe in particular, but also the Near East and North Africa ) is commonly divided into Antiquity, up to 476 CE ; the Middle Ages, from the 5th through the 15th centuries, including the Islamic Golden Age ( c. 750 CE – c. 1258 CE ) and the early European Renaissance ; the Early Modern period, from the 15th century to the late 18th, including the Age of Enlightenment ; and the Late Modern period, from the Industrial Revolution to the present, including Contemporary History.

Modern languages usually come with standard libraries that implement the most common data structures.

Modern libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to get unrestricted access to information in many formats and from many sources.

Modern libraries are often a mixture of both, containing a general collection for circulation, and a reference collection which is restricted to the library premises.

Modern day game consoles and videogames, starting with the PC-Engine, all have a minimal BIOS that also provides some interactive utilities such as memory card management, audio or video CD playback, copy protection and sometimes carry libraries for developers to use etc.

Modern simulators can also link the HDL environment to user-compiled libraries, through a defined PLI / VHPI interface.

Alternatively there is an emerging class of software which can localize an application without altering the underlying code in any way Modern development systems and operating systems include sophisticated libraries for international support of these types.

Modern computers and pocket calculators now generate trigonometric function values on demand, using special libraries of mathematical code.

Modern gazetteers can be found in reference sections of most libraries as well as on the Web.

Modern mathematical libraries often reduce the domain into many tiny segments and use a low-degree polynomial for each segment.

** Modern libraries with computerized circulation

`` To give up these notions required a revolution in thought '', Mr. Clark said in reminiscing about the abrupt changes in ideas he experienced when he began reading `` Organic Gardening '' And `` Modern Nutrition '' in a search for help with his problems.

Modern psychology has shown that paralleling `` the authoritarian personality '' is `` the bigoted personality '' in which insecurity, inferiority, suspicion, and distrust combine to provide a target for antagonism so indispensable that it will be manufactured if it does not exist naturally.

Modern use of AAC began in the 1950s with systems for users who had lost the use of speech following surgical procedures.

Modern anchors for smaller vessels have metal flukes which hook on to rocks on the bottom or bury themselves in soft bottoms.

Modern critics often fault Alcott for not being able to financially support his family.

From the Early Modern period, their name has become a term for female warriors in general.

Modern weapons include the Russian ZSU-23-4 Shilka and Tunguska-M1, South Korean K30 Biho and K263A1 radar-guided Vulcan, Chinese Type 95 SPAAA, Swedish CV9040 AAV, Polish PZA Loara, American M6 Bradley Linebacker and M1097 Humvee Avenger, Yugoslavian BOV-3, Canadian ADATS, aging German Gepard, Japanese Type 87 SPAAG and similar versions with the British Marksman turret ( which was also adapted for a number of other users ), Italian SIDAM 25 and Otomatic, and versions of the French AMX-13.

Riding a wave of international popularity, and despite his declining health, he travelled to the United States in 1965 for an exhibition of his works at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

Modern coastal artillery ( for example, Russia's " Bereg " system ) is often self propelled, ( allowing it to avoid counter-battery fire ) and fully integrated, meaning that each battery has all of the support systems that it requires ( maintenance, targeting radar, etc.

Aegospotami ( Αἰγὸς Ποταμοί ) or Aegospotamos ( i. e. Goat Streams ) is the ancient Greek name for a small river issuing into the Hellespont ( Modern Turkish Çanakkale Boğazı ), northeast of Sestos.

* The Sabbath: Its Meaning for Modern Man.

Modern CPUs are typically 2-operand or 3-operand machines — the additional operands specify which one of many general purpose registers ( also called " general purpose accumulators ") are used as the source and destination for calculations.

Modern bicycle brakes may be: rim brakes, in which friction pads are compressed against the wheel rims ; internal hub brakes, in which the friction pads are contained within the wheel hubs ; or disc brakes, with a separate rotor for braking.

Modern usage uses a ' ten-foot ' pole, but the earliest instances in print involve a forty-foot pole, which is improbably long for operating a barge.

During the 1960s, De Palma began making a living producing documentary films, notably The Responsive Eye, a 1966 movie about The Responsive Eye op-art exhibit curated by William Seitz for Museum of Modern Art in 1965.

Modern barter and trade has evolved considerably to become an effective method of increasing sales, conserving cash, moving inventory, and making use of excess production capacity for businesses around the world.

In some published editions of the Bible, 1 & 2 Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah have been presented together as a single book, for example, in The Modern Reader's Bible ( 1907 ) and The Books of the Bible ( 2007 ).

Modern boomerangs used for sport are often made from carbon fibre-reinforced plastics, thin aircraft plywood, or other high-tech materials.

Modern biotechnology is often associated with the use of genetically altered microorganisms such as E. coli or yeast for the production of substances like synthetic insulin or antibiotics.

Modern biotechnology has evolved, making it possible to produce more easily and relatively cheaply human growth hormone, clotting factors for hemophiliacs, fertility drugs, erythropoietin and other drugs.

( 2002 ) Quest for Decisive Victory: From Stalemate to Blitzkrieg in Europe, 1899 – 1940, Modern War Studies.

Modern imaging systems like PostScript, Asymptote, Metafont, and SVG use Bézier splines composed of cubic Bézier curves for drawing curved shapes.

Modern historians have proposed wide ranging numbers for the infantry, from 20, 000 – 100, 000 with a consensus of perhaps 25, 000 ; estimates for the cavalry are in the range of 1, 000.

Following the release of Modern Times, Chaplin left with Goddard for another trip to the Far East.