* 1959 – Project Mercury: NASA announces the selection of the United States ' first seven astronauts, whom the news media quickly dub the " Mercury Seven ".

One of nineteen astronauts selected by NASA in April 1966, Charles Duke had never flown in space before Apollo 16.

Category: NASA civilian astronauts

From the 1950s onward, he worked as an advisor to NASA, where one of his duties included briefing the Apollo astronauts before their flights to the Moon.

NASA planners invented the term extra-vehicular activity in the early 1960s for the Apollo program to land men on the Moon, because the astronauts would leave the spacecraft to collect lunar material samples and deploy scientific experiments.

Armstrong's FM system was used for communications between NASA and the Apollo program astronauts.

NASA is authorized to sterilize frozen meat for astronauts at doses of 44 kGy as a notable exception.

* 1962 – Project Apollo: At a press conference, NASA announces Lunar Orbit Rendezvous as the means to land astronauts on the Moon, and return them to Earth.

Despite the astronauts ' test pilot experience NASA at first envisioned them as " minor participants " during their flights, causing many conflicts between the astronauts and engineers during the spacecraft's design.

NASA announced the selection of seven of these – known as the Mercury Seven – as astronauts on 9 April 1959, though only six of the seven flew Mercury missions, after Slayton was grounded due to a heart condition.

* 1973 – Skylab program: NASA launches Skylab 4 with a crew of three astronauts from Cape Canaveral, Florida for an 84-day mission.

* 1968 – Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 7, the first successful manned Apollo mission, with astronauts Wally Schirra, Donn F. Eisele and Walter Cunningham aboard.

Since 1996, however, the collection has also included oral histories of senior NASA administrators and officials, astronauts, and project managers, part of a broader project to document the lives of key agency individuals.

A NASA graph shows the relationship between the survival of a crew of astronauts and the amount of redundancy ( engineering ) | redundant equipment in their spacecraft ( the " MM ", Mission Module ).

* April 9 – NASA announces its selection of seven military pilots to become the first U. S. astronauts ( later known as the Mercury Seven ).

* April 12 – The Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Columbia with NASA astronauts John Young and Robert Crippen launches on the STS-1 mission, returning to Earth on April 14.

Virgil Ivan Grissom ( April 3, 1926 – January 27, 1967 ), ( Lt Col, USAF ), better known as Gus Grissom, was one of the original NASA Project Mercury astronauts and a United States Air Force pilot.

However by July 1963 NASA discovered 14 out of the 16 astronauts could not fit themselves into the cabin and later cockpits were modified.

Lobbying by the astronauts and senior NASA administrators also had an effect.

In mid-1962, Chaffee was accepted in the initial pool of 1, 800 applicants for the third group of NASA astronauts.

Many dissenters, including astronauts, asked NASA management to reconsider allowing the mission, but initially the director stood firm.

A comprehensive catalog of vehicles, technology, astronauts, and flights, it includes information from most countries that have had an active rocket research program, from Robert Goddard to the NASA Space shuttle to the Soviet Shuttle Buran.

NASA engineers and astronauts have used duct tape in the course of their work, including in some emergency situations.

Glenn was a combat aviator in the Marine Corps and one of the Mercury Seven, who were the elite U. S. military test pilots selected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) to operate the experimental Mercury spacecraft and become the first American astronauts.

Components of the Remote Agent software have been used to support other NASA Missions.

Before joining NASA as a member of the first group of scientist-astronauts in June 1965, he worked at the U. S. Geological Survey's Astrogeology Center at Flagstaff, Arizona, developing geological field techniques that would be used by the Apollo crews.

During this time period NASA used joysticks as control devices as part of the Apollo missions.

The John F. Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) is the United States launch site that has been used for every NASA human space flight since 1968.

Freas was commissioned to paint the Skylab I insignia design and posters promoting the space program ( used by NASA and now hanging in the Smithsonian Institution ); pinup girls on bombers while in the United States Army Air Forces ; comic book covers ; the covers of the GURPS worldbooks Lensman and Planet Krishna ; and many others, such as more than 500 saints ' portraits for the Franciscans executed simultaneously with his portraits of Alfred E. Neuman (" What?

In the early 1980s a group of researchers interested in the history of Iram used NASA remote sensing satellites, ground penetrating radar, Landsat program data and images taken from the Space Shuttle Challenger as well as SPOT data to identify old camel train routes and points where they converged.

The Mars Semi-Direct architecture has been used as the basis of a number of studies, including the NASA Design Reference Missions.

The MV Freedom Star and MV Liberty Star, ships used by NASA to tow space shuttle solid rocket boosters back to Kennedy Space Center, are propelled only by water jets to protect the endangered manatee population that inhabits regions of the Banana River where the ships are based.

The authors used a global circulation model, ModelE from the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, which they noted " has been tested extensively in global warming experiments and to examine the effects of volcanic eruptions on climate.

Five years after the early Able space probe missions ended, NASA Ames Research Center used the Pioneer name for a new series of missions, initially aimed at the inner solar system, before the bold flyby missions to Jupiter and Saturn.

In the SETI context, the name has been used for radio telescopes in fiction ( Arthur C. Clarke, " Imperial Earth "; Carl Sagan, " Contact "), was the name initially used for the NASA study ultimately known as " Cyclops ," and is the name given to an omnidirectional radio telescope design being developed at the Ohio State University.

NASA planned to refit the prototype orbiter Enterprise ( OV-101 ), used for flight testing, as the second operational orbiter.

While at NASA Dryden Enterprise was used by NASA for a variety of ground and flight tests intended to validate aspects of the shuttle program.

Refitting the shuttle with all of the necessary equipment for it to be used in space was considered, but NASA decided to use spares constructed at the same time as Discovery and Atlantis to build Endeavour.

This retention of an internal airlock allowed NASA to use Columbia for the STS-109 Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission, along with the Spacehab double module used on STS-107.

) NASA ’ s Mars Polar Lander used speech recognition from technology Sensory, Inc. in the Mars Microphone on the Lander

Three years later, NASA addressed the issue of planetary engineering officially in a study, but used the term " planetary ecosynthesis " instead.

Vangelis performed live and released Mythodea, a predominantly orchestral rather than electronic piece that was originally written in 1993, and used by NASA as the theme for the Mars Odyssey mission in 2001.

* NASA Solar electric propulsion Technology Application Readiness ( NSTAR )-2. 3kW, used on two successful missions

The goal, as presented by NASA to Congress, was to provide a much less-expensive means of access to space that would be used by NASA, the Department of Defense, and other commercial and scientific users.

Challenger was originally built and used as a Structural Test Article ( STA-099 ) but was converted to a complete shuttle when this was found to be less expensive than converting Enterprise from its Approach and Landing Test configuration, according to NASA.