At the very least, Marxism had now been born, and " historical materialism " had become a distinct philosophical doctrine, subsequently elaborated and systematised by intellectuals like Eduard Bernstein, Karl Kautsky, Georgi Plekhanov and Nikolai Bukharin.

* Nikolai Bernstein: neurophysiology

Several examples exist from the 20th century, including works by Alfred Reed, Nikolai Medtner, Ferruccio Busoni, Vincent Persichetti, Sergei Prokofiev, Béla Bartók, Benjamin Britten, Leonard Bernstein, Gordon Jacob, Lennox Berkeley, Gareth Walters, Malcolm Arnold, Lars-Erik Larsson and Bohuslav Martinů.

New translations of all the members of the OBERIU group ( and their closely knit group of friends, the Chinari ) appeared in Summer, 2006 in the USA ( OBERIU: An Anthology of Russian Absurdism, containing poetry, drama and prose by Alexander Vvedensky, Daniil Kharms, Nikolai Zabolotsky, Nikolai Oleinikov, Leonid Lipavsky and Yakov Druskin, edited Eugene Ostashevsky and translated by Matvei Yankelevich, Thomas Epstein, Genya Turovskaya, Eugene Ostashevsky and Ilya Bernstein.

* Nikolai Aleksandrovich Bernstein ( 1896 – 1966 ), a Soviet neurophysiologist

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov re-orchestrated the opera in 1896 and revised it in 1908.

File: 1899 Walentin Serow Kroenung Zar Nikolai II anagoria. jpg | Coronation of Nicholas II of Russia 1896

* Nikolai Pokrovsky ( actor ) ( 1896 – 1961 ), Soviet actor, theater director, and People's Artist of the USSR

* 1839 – Nikolai Przhevalsky, Russian explorer ( d. 1888 )

* 1973 – Nikolai Valuev, Russian boxer

* 1999 – Prince Nikolai of Denmark

Nikolai Tsonev, defence minister under the 2005 – 2009 cabinet, undertook steps to provide the members of the military and their families with certain privileges in terms of healthcare and education, and to improve living conditions.

* 1766 – Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, Russian writer ( d. 1826 )

* 1792 – Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, Russian mathematician ( d. 1856 )

* 1883 – Nikolai Luzin, Russian mathematician ( d. 1950 )

From 16 May – 17 June 1955, Nikolai Bulganin and Anastas Mikoyan visited Yugoslavia and Khrushchev renounced the expulsion of Yugoslavia from the Communist bloc.

* 1940 – Nikolai Yezhov, Soviet secret police official ( b. 1895 )

* 1831 – Nikolai Leskov, Russian writer ( d. 1895 )

* 1903 – Nikolai Podgorny, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ( d. 1983 )

* 1980 – Nikolai Antropov, Kazakh ice hockey player

* 2012 – Nikolai Petrovich Ivanov, Russian rower ( b. 1949 )

* 1904 – Eugen Schauman assassinates Nikolai Bobrikov, Governor-General of Finland.

* 1862 – Nikolai Yudenich, Russian general ( d. 1933 )

* 1973 – Nikolai Khabibulin, Russian ice hockey player

Both the form of the Kolmogorov – Smirnov test statistic and its asymptotic distribution under the null hypothesis were published by Andrey Kolmogorov, while a table of the distribution was published by Nikolai Vasilyevich Smirnov.

As Nikolai Ryzhkov describes it in his memoirs, " every Thursday morning he ( Mikhail Gorbachev ) would sit in his office like a little orphan – I would often be present at this sad procedure – nervously awaiting a telephone call from the sick Chernenko: Would he come to the Politburo himself or would he ask Gorbachev to stand in for him this time again?

* Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov ( 1904 – 1974 ), an Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union

* Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov ( 1911 – 1995 ), a prominent Soviet aerospace engineer and the chief of the Kuznetsov Design Bureau

* 2233 Kuznetsov, an asteroid named for Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov ( 1911 – 1944 ), a Russian partisan fighter of World War II, and a Hero of the Soviet Union.

* 1985 – Nikolai Topor-Stanley, Australian footballer

* 1740 – Nikolai Arkharov, Russian general ( d. 1814 )

* 2004 – Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, Russian astronomer ( b. 1931 )

Trying to improve the condition of Christians in general and Catholics in particular behind the Iron Curtain, he engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels, receiving Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and USSR President Nikolai Podgorny in 1966 and 1967 in the Vatican.

* Nikolai Morozov 1966 World Cup ( qualifying and final tournaments )

* Sivachev, Nikolai and Nikolai Yakolev, Russia and the United States ( 1979 ), by Soviet historians

At the Central Committee meeting of 22 November 1982, Kirilenko lost his membership in the Politburo ( after a decision within the Politburo itself ), and Nikolai Ryzhkov, the Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee, was elected to the Secretariat.

The other authors from the romanticism era include: Antony Pogorelsky ( penname of Alexey Alexeyevich Perovsky ), Orest Somov, Alexandr Pushkin, Nikolai Alekseevich Polevoy, Mikhail Lermontov ( his work Stuss ) and Alexander Bestuzhev-Marlinsky.

Arkady Volsky, an aide to Andropov and other general secretaries, recounts an episode that occurred after a Politburo meeting on the day following Andropov's demise: As Politburo members filed out of the conference hall, either Andrei Gromyko or ( in later accounts ) Dmitriy Ustinov is said to have put his arm round Nikolai Tikhonov's shoulders and said: " It's okay, Kostya is an agreeable guy ( pokladisty muzhik ), one can do business with him ...." The Politburo failed to pass the decision for Gorbachev, who was nominally Chernenko's second in command, to run the meetings of the Politburo itself in the absence of Chernenko ; the latter due to his declining health, began to miss those meetings with increasing frequency.

After Lenin ’ s death ( 21 January 1924 ), Trotsky ideologically battled the influence of Stalin, who formed ruling blocs within the Russian Communist Party ( with Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev, then with Nikolai Bukharin, and then by himself ) and so determined soviet government policy from 1924 onwards.

Nikolai Bukharin was born on September 27 ( October 9, new style ), 1888 in Moscow.

Voice of the stalking shadow ( Pin thodarum nizhalin kural ), a Tamil novel by Jeyamohan, is based on the life of Nikolai Bukharin.

The concept of the phoneme was then elaborated in the works of Nikolai Trubetzkoi and others of the Prague School ( during the years 1926 – 1935 ), and in those of structuralists like Ferdinand de Saussure, Edward Sapir, and Leonard Bloomfield.

One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, whose Grundzüge der Phonologie ( Principles of Phonology ), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from this period.

Nikolai Gogol's " Nevsky Prospekt " ( 1835 ), " The Nose " ( 1836 ) and " The Overcoat " ( 1842 ) are dark humorous tales about human misery.

Diaghilev commissioned ballet music from composers such as Nikolai Tcherepnin ( Narcisse et Echo, 1911 ), Claude Debussy ( Jeux, 1913 ), Maurice Ravel ( Daphnis et Chloé, 1912 ), Erik Satie ( Parade, 1917 ), Manuel de Falla ( El Sombrero de Tres Picos, 1917 ), Richard Strauss ( Josephslegende, 1914 ), Sergei Prokofiev ( Ala and Lolly, rejected by Diaghilev and turned into the Scythian Suite ; Chout, 1915 revised 1920 ; Le pas d ' acier, 1926 ; and The Prodigal Son, 1929 ), Ottorino Respighi ( La Boutique fantasque, 1918 ), Francis Poulenc ( Les biches, 1923 ) and others.

Another living member of the family is Nikolai Tolstoy-Miloslavsky ( born in 1935 ), a controversial British historian.

* Nikolai Aleksandrovich Tolstoy ( 1761 – 1816 ), grand master of court ceremonies

* Nikolai Matveyevich Tolstoy ( 1802 – 1879 ), full general of infantry, grandfather of Anna Vyrubova