Alfred Bernhard Nobel ( äl ' fred bern ' härd nōbel ') () ( 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896 ) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer.

Born in Stockholm, Alfred Nobel was the fourth son of Immanuel Nobel ( 1801 – 1872 ), an inventor and engineer, and Andriette Ahlsell Nobel ( 1805 – 1889 ).

Through his father, Alfred Nobel was a descendant of the Swedish scientist Olaus Rudbeck ( 1630 – 1702 ), and in his turn the boy was interested in engineering, particularly explosives, learning the basic principles from his father at a young age.

Alfred Nobel's death mask, at the Nobel museum in Stockholm, Sweden.

Though her personal contact with Alfred Nobel had been brief, she corresponded with him until his death in 1896, and it is believed that she was a major influence in his decision to include a peace prize among those prizes provided in his will.

The obituary stated (" The merchant of death is dead ") and went on to say, " Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday.

In 2001, Alfred Nobel's great-grandnephew, Peter Nobel ( b. 1931 ), asked the Bank of Sweden to differentiate its award to economists given " in Alfred Nobel's memory " from the five other awards.

This has caused much controversy whether the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is actually a " Nobel Prize "

The Life of Alfred Nobel.

* Alfred Nobel US Patent No 78, 317, dated 26 May 1868

* Evlanoff, M. and Fluor, M. Alfred Nobel – The Loneliest Millionaire.

* Sohlman, R. The Legacy of Alfred Nobel, transl.

Alfred Nobel.

* Alfred Nobel – Man behind the Prizes

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Alfred Bernhard Nobel sued Abel and Dewar over an alleged patent infringement.

* Nobel Prize for Literature: Count Maurice ( Mooris ) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck, Belgian poet, playwright, and essayist

* Schück, Henrik, Ragnar Sohlman, Anders Österling, Carl Gustaf Bernhard, the Nobel Foundation, and Wilhelm Odelberg, eds.

* Schück, Henrik, Ragnar Sohlman, Anders Österling, Carl Gustaf Bernhard, the Nobel Foundation, and Wilhelm Odelberg, eds.

Carr noted that because of the Locarno Treaties, for which Stresemann was a co-winner of the Nobel peace prize, Bernhard devoted most of the papers in Stresemanns Vermächtnis to Stresemann's work with relations to Britain and France.

Carr noted that the documents of the Auswärtiges Amt and Stresemann's own papers show that Stresemann was far more concerned with relations with the Soviet Union instead of the Western powers, and that Bernhard had edited the selection in Stresemanns Vermächtnis to focus more on Stresemann's Nobel Peace Prize-winning successes and to make him seem more like an apostle of peace than what he really was ( one of Stresemann's major interests was in partitioning Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union ).

* 1911 – Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen, German biochemist, Nobel laureate ( d. 1979 )

* 1911 – William Alfred Fowler, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1996 )

* 1852 – Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1911 )

* 2003 – Bernard Katz, German biophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ( b. 1911 )

* 1911 – Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian writer, Nobel laureate ( d. 2006 )

The first two were Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 and Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911, and Linus Pauling, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954 and Nobel Peace Prize in 1962.

* 1911 – Polykarp Kusch, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize Laureate ( d. 1993 )

* 1911 – Luis Walter Alvarez, American physicist and inventor, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1988 )

* 1911 – George Joseph Stigler, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1991 )

* 1911 – Odysseas Elytis, Greek poet, Nobel laureate ( d. 1996 )

Naguib Mahfouz (, ; 11 December 1911 – 30 August 2006 ) was an Egyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature.

* 1911 – Lê Ðức Thọ, Vietnamese general and politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize ( d. 1990 )

File: Marie Curie c1920. png | Marie Curie ( 1867-1934 ): discovered radioactivity with Henri Becquerel and her husband Pierre Curie, awarded Nobel Prize in Physics ( 1903 ) and the Nobel Prize for Chemistry ( 1911 ), found techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, isolated plutonium and radium

* 1911 – William Golding, English author, poet, and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1993 )

* July 26 – Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate ( b. 1911 )

** Polykarp Kusch, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate ( b. 1911 )

** William Golding, English writer, Nobel Prize laureate ( b. 1911 )

* March 18 – Odysseas Elytis, Greek writer, Nobel Prize laureate ( b. 1911 )

* September 1 – Luis Walter Alvarez, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate ( b. 1911 )

* September 2 – Alfonso García Robles, Mexican diplomat and politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize ( b. 1911 )