One of the first technological precursors of film is the pinhole camera, followed by the more advanced camera obscura, which was first described in detail by Alhazen in his Book of Optics ( 1021 ), and later perfected by Giambattista della Porta.

Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.

His Optics is a work that survives only in a poor Arabic translation and in about twenty manuscripts of a Latin version of the Arabic, which was translated by Eugene of Palermo ( c. 1154 ).

Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ), a pioneer of the scientific method who is considered to be the " Father of Modern Optics " and arguably one of the first scientists.

The university is also home to the Institute of Optics, founded in 1929, the nation's first educational program devoted exclusively to optics.

* 1021 – The Book of Optics by Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen or Alhacen ) is completed.

In Optics Ibn Rushd followed Alhazen's incorrect explanation that a Rainbow is due to reflection, not refraction.

To do so, he had to overcome the century-old view, expressed in the venerable Isaac Newton's " Optics ", that light is a particle.

The use of a convex lens to form a magnified image is discussed in Alhazen's Book of Optics ( 1021 ).

According to Allen Weiss, in Mirrors of Infinity, this optical effect is a result of the use of the tenth theorem of Euclid ’ s Optics which asserts that “ the most distant parts of planes situated below the eye appear to be the most elevated .” In Fouquet ’ s time, interested parties could cross the canal in a boat, but walking around the canal provides a view of the woods that mark what is no longer the garden and shows the distortion of the grottos previously seen as sculptural.

** Fiber Optics is provided by TCT.

** Fiber Optics is provided by TCT.

** Fiber Optics is provided by TCT.

** Fiber Optics is provided by TCT.

** Fiber Optics is provided by TCT.

** Fiber Optics is provided by TCT.

Free Space Optics ( FSO ) systems are generally employed for ' last mile ' communications and can function over distances of several kilometers as long as there is a clear line of sight between the source and the destination, and the optical receiver can reliably decode the transmitted information.

He had even an affectionate nickname of Wizard of Tuorla ( Observatory / Optics laboratory ), and there is a book with the same title in Finnish describing his works.

* In December, the first quantum byte, or qubyte, is announced to have been created by scientists at The Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum Information at the University of Innsbruck in Austria, with the formal paper published in the December 1 issue of Nature.

The plane wave spectrum concept is the basic foundation of Fourier Optics.

This plane wave spectrum representation of the electromagnetic field is the basic foundation of Fourier Optics ( this point cannot be emphasized strongly enough ), because when z = 0, the equation above simply becomes a Fourier transform ( FT ) relationship between the field and its plane wave content ( hence the name, " Fourier optics ").

That Newton must have begun early to make careful observations of natural phenomena is shown by the following remarks about halos, which appear in his Optics, book ii.

After he explained this to the Society, he proceeded: " When I understood this, I left off my aforesaid glass works ; for I saw, that the perfection of telescopes was hitherto limited, not so much for want of glasses truly figured according to the prescriptions of Optics Authors ( which all men have hitherto imagined ), as because that light itself is a heterogeneous mixture of differently refrangible rays.

Optics began with the development of lenses by the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians, followed by theories on light and vision developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers, and the development of geometrical optics in the Greco-Roman world.

In his Optics Greek mathematician Euclid observed that " things seen under a greater angle appear greater, and those under a lesser angle less, while those under equal angles appear equal ".

Some hundred years later, Euclid wrote a treatise entitled Optics where he linked vision to geometry, creating geometrical optics.

Ptolemy, in his treatise Optics, held an extramission-intromission theory of vision: the rays ( or flux ) from the eye formed a cone, the vertex being within the eye, and the base defining the visual field.

It accordingly comments on the Sphaerica of Theodosius, the Moving Sphere of Autolycus, Theodosius's book on Day and Night, the treatise of Aristarchus On the Size and Distances of the Sun and Moon, and Euclid's Optics and Phaenomena.

Witelo's treatise in optics was closely linked to the Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Arabic opus: Kitab al-manazir ( The Book of Optics ; De aspectibus or Perspectivae ), and both were printed in the Friedrich Risner edition Opticae Thesaurus ( Basel, 1572 ).

His famous optical treatise, Perspectiva, which drew on the Arabic Book of Optics by Alhazen, was unique in Latin literature and helped give rise to Roger Bacon's best work.

" In addition to the various works of Brewster already mentioned, the following may be added: Notes and Introduction to Carlyle's translation of Legendre's Elements of Geometry ( 1824 ); Treatise on Optics ( 1831 ); Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott ( 1832 ); The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler ( 1841 ); More Worlds than One ( 1854 ).

PAO systems were described in BC Crandall's Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance in the Brian Wowk article " Phased-Array Optics.

In the early 11th century, Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham ) wrote the Book of Optics ( Kitab al-manazir ) in which he explored reflection and refraction and proposed a new system for explaining vision and light based on observation and experiment.

The name of the Swedish microsatellite Astrid 1, launched on 24 January 1995, was originally selected only as a common Swedish female name, but within a short time it was decided to name the instruments after characters in Astrid Lindgren's books: PIPPI ( Prelude in Planetary Particle Imaging ), EMIL ( Electron Measurements-In-situ and Lightweight ), and MIO ( Miniature Imaging Optics ).

* the line-coded signal can be used to turn on and off a light source in Free Space Optics, most commonly infrared remote control.

Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) wrote extensively on optics and the anatomy of the eye in his Book of Optics ( 1021 ).

* Free Space Optics on COST297 for HAPs

Most notable for the Alfa Matrix signed bands, Zombie Girl ( on the album Blood Brains and Rock ' n ' Roll ) and also for another female fronted industrial metal act I: Scintilla who released their album " Optics " on the Belgian industrial label Alfa Matrix holding a bonus disc with a remix by Mortiis beside others by Combichrist, Clan Of Xymox.

Also in 2004, DO Labs DoX Optics Pro ( France ) computer software modules were introduced, loaded with information on specific cameras and lenses, that could correct distortion, vignetting, blur and lateral chromatic aberration of images in post-production.

* Applied Optics, 1962-present, covering research on optical technology.

The BOA published the Dioptric Review and the British Journal of Physiological Optics on its own in-house printing press.

He went on to study Ophthalmic Optics at the City University, London.

( Chiyoda Optics and Fine Engineering, Ltd .) and built the first Japanese-made twin-lens reflex camera, the Minoltaflex, based on the German Rolleiflex.

The reason for publishing these two tracts in his Optics, from the subsequent editions of which they were omitted, is thus stated in the advertisement: " In a letter written to Leibniz in the year 1679, and published by Dr Wallis, I mentioned a method by which I had found some general theorems about squaring curvilinear figures on comparing them with the conic sections, or other the simplest figures with which they might be compared.

There're also professor focus on the study of Optics, Condense Matter, Theory.

* 1021 – Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhacen ) pioneers the experimental scientific method and experimental physics in his Book of Optics, where he devises the first scientific experiments on optics, including the first use of the camera obscura to prove that light travels in straight lines and the first experimental proof that visual perception is caused by light rays travelling to the eyes, which also marks the beginning of experimental psychology and psychophysics

* Cambridge University Digital Library, Papers on Hydrostatics, Optics, Sound and Heat

and A. D. Adler, " Blood on the Shroud of Turin ", Applied Optics, 19: 2742-4, 1980 ; Heller, J. H.

They were based on his book Lectures on Select Subjects in Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Pneumatics, Optics & c., published in 1760.