Because the Alpine mountain chains did not yet exist in the Cretaceous, these deposits formed on the southern edge of the European continental shelf, at the margin of the Tethys Ocean.

** Alpine Tethys Sea ( c. 175 – 30 Ma ) or Paratethys Sea ( isolated after 34 Ma ); today's Black Sea, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea are remnants of the Paratethys Sea

The Alps arose as a result of the collision of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, in which the Alpine Tethys, which was formerly in between these continents, disappeared.

Enormous stress was exerted on sediments of the Alpine Tethys basin and its Mesozoic and early Cenozoic strata were pushed against the stable Eurasian landmass by the northward-moving African landmass.

The pressure formed great recumbent folds, or nappes, that rose out of what had become the Alpine Tethys and pushed northward, often breaking and sliding one over the other to form gigantic thrust faults.

Sometimes the names Alpine Tethys or Western Tethys Ocean are used to describe a number of small oceanic basins that formed southwest of the European plate, to distinguish them from the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the east.

As a result of this process, the soft layers of ocean sediment in the Alpine Tethys Oceans were compressed and folded as they were slowly thrust upwards.

The western part of the Tethys Ocean is called Tethys Sea, Western Tethys Ocean or Alpine Tethys Ocean.

The Paratethys was separated from the Tethys by the formation of the Alps, Carpathians, Dinarides, Taurus and Elburz mountains during the Alpine orogeny.

The Alpine region area contains many peaks higher than, known as the " four-thousanders ".

* Official website of the Alpine Space Programme This EU co-funded programme co-finances transnational projects in the Alpine region

Cretin became a medical term in the 18th century, from an Alpine French dialect prevalent in a region where persons with such a condition were especially common ( see below ); it saw wide medical use in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and then spread more widely in popular English as a markedly derogatory term for a person who behaves stupidly.

* 1348 – A strong earthquake strikes the South Alpine region of Friuli in modern Italy, causing considerable damage to buildings as far away as Rome.

The proximity of the mountains – as well as its status as the most populated city of the Alpine region before Innsbruck and Bolzano – has led to the city being known in France as the " Capital of the Alps.

But unlike many other Alpine regions, which have been left to be explored by strangers, this region has been long visited by Swiss travellers and men of sciences.

* Alpine Valleys, Victoria, an Australian wine region located in the north eastern section of Victoria

Mount Buffalo is a moderately tall mountain plateau ( elev 1723 metres AHD at its highest point ) on the west side of the Victoria Alpine region.

In the 6th century, the Alpine Slavs, who are reckoned to be ancestors of present-day Slovenes, settled the eastern areas of the Friulia region.

In the 6th century, the Alpine Slavs, who are reckoned to be ancestors of present-day Slovenes, settled the eastern areas of the Friulia region.

The climate of the Alps is the climate, or average weather conditions over a long time, of the exact middle Alpine region of Europe.

Between 35 and 6 BC, the Alpine region was gradually integrated into the expanding Roman Empire.

With the division of the Roman Empire and the collapse of its Western part in the fourth and fifth centuries, power relations in the Alpine region reverted to their local dimensions.

The successive emigration and occupation of the Alpine region by the Alemanni from the 6th to the 8th centuries are, too, known only in outline.

The French historian Fernand Braudel, in his famous volume on Mediterranean civilisation, describes the Alps as “ an exceptional range of mountains from the point of view of resources, collective disciplines, the quality of its human population and the number of good roads .” This remarkable human presence in the Alpine region came into being with the population growth and agrarian expansion of the High Middle Ages.

Inside the Alpine region there was a striking difference between the western and central parts, which were dominated by small farming establishments, and the eastern part, which were characterised by medium or big farms.

For the modern era it is possible to offer a quantitative estimate of the population of the Alpine region.

Like other parts of Europe, the Alpine region was affected by the formation of the nation states that produced tensions between various groups and had consequences for border areas.

During World War I the eastern Alpine region was one of the epicentres of the conflict.

Extinct languages known to have been spoken in the Alpine region include Rhaetic, Lepontic, Ligurian and Langobardic.

As a result of the complicated history of the Alpine region, the native language and the national feelings of the inhabitants do not always correspond to the current international borders.

The higher region of the Alps were long left to the exclusive attention of the inhabitants of the adjoining valleys, even when Alpine travellers ( as distinguished from Alpine climbers ) began to visit these valleys.

* The Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments project

Clean Up the Alps is a project aimed at protecting the Alpine region of Victoria.

* L & T-AM JV-A JV between L & T and Alpine Mayeder Bau GmbH, Austria is constructing a 11. 3 km long, 5. 6m finished diameter, concrete lined Head Race Tunnel for NTPC ’ s 4x130 MW Tapovan Vishnugad hydropower project in Uttaranchal.

* Official website of Glen Alpine, NC

* City of Alpine official website

* The Alpine Ski Club official website

* Alpine Springs County Water and Sewer District official website

* Alpine Meadows Ski Resort official website

* Official Italian Army website page on Alpine Troops Command

* The Alpine Ski Club official website