* California Penal Code Section 159: " No person can be convicted of common barratry except upon proof that he has excited suits or proceedings at law in at least three instances, and with a corrupt or malicious intent to vex and annoy.

For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through Atatürk's Reforms, which included the unification of education ; the discontinuation of religious and other titles ; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled after Switzerland's and a penal code modeled after the Italian Penal Code ; recognition of the equality between the sexes and the granting of full political rights to women on 5 December 1934 ; the language reform initiated by the newly founded Turkish Language Association ; replacement of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet with the new Turkish alphabet derived from the Latin alphabet ; the dress law ( the wearing of a fez, is outlawed ); the law on family names ; and many others.

In Iceland, the hate speech law is not confined to inciting hatred, as one can see from Article 233 a. in the Icelandic Penal Code, but includes simply expressing such hatred publicly:

Penal law in western Europe in the Middle Ages was even harsher, however, than Mongol and Russian law.

Louis introduced the Guilder, founded several major institutions ( some of which exist to this day ) and had a Penal Law Code compiled, largely modeled on French law.

It imposes that that private law, penal law and the separate procedural laws covering these subjects must indeed be formal law and treated in a general Civil Code and a Penal Code, although certain subject might be covered by special laws.

An example of the obligation to help a person is the Argentina law on " abandonment of persons ", Articles 106-108 of the Argentine Penal Code, which include the provision in Article 106 " a person who endangers the life or health of another, either by putting a person in jeopardy or abandoning to their fate a person unable to cope alone who must be cared for ... will be imprisoned for between 2 and 6 years ".

Under the Penal Laws, which were in force between the 17th and 19th centuries ( though enforced with varying degrees of severity ), Catholic recusants in Britain and Ireland were barred from public office, while Catholics in Ireland were also barred from entry to the University of Dublin and professions such as law, medicine, and the military.

They reasoned, therefore, that asportation was an irrelevant requirement because in modern criminal law, like the Model Penal Code, the sentencing consequences between an attempted and completed crime are negligible.

The 1919 law was the first foray for North Carolina into eugenics ; this law, entitled " An Act to Benefit the Moral, Mental, or Physical Conditions of Inmates of Penal and Charitable Institutions " was quite brief, encompassing only 4 sections.

This law, entitled " An Act to Provide For the Sterilization of the Mentally Defective and Feeble-Minded Inmates of Charitable and Penal Institutions of the State of North Carolina ", was similar to the law which preceded it, although this new Act contained several new provisions.

The Model Penal Code, which seeks to harmonize state criminal law statutes, is in effect a uniform act but it was developed by the American Law Institute and not the NCCUSL.

Consequently, the principle is universal in the United States either in Model Penal Code jurisdictions ( 40 states ) or those remaining common law jurisdictions influenced by the reasoning in R v Brown.

Criminal law in the United States, however, falls mostly within the jurisdiction of the individual states, and not all states have adopted the Model Penal Code.

* Criminal law ( General common law and Model Penal Code )

Payment of dowry is now prohibited under The 1961 Dowry Prohibition Act in Indian civil law and subsequently by Sections 304B and 498a of the Indian Penal Code ( IPC ).

The Penal Procedural Code ( Strafprozessordnung – StPO ) provides some exceptions to the double jeopardy rule:

* The Penal Laws affecting non-Conformists ( c. 1715 – 1869 )

* January 9 – Penal transportation from Britain to Australia ends with arrival of the convict ship Hougoumont in Western Australia after an 89-day voyage from England.

* September 13, 1824 – With his crew and 29 convicts aboard the Amity, John Oxley arrives at and founds the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement at what is now Redcliffe in Queensland, Australia, after leaving Sydney.

* September – Penal Laws against Wales The English Parliament pass the Penal Laws against Wales.

* September 13 – With his crew and 29 convicts aboard the Amity, John Oxley arrives at and founds the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement at what is now Redcliffe in Queensland, Australia, after leaving Sydney.

The Faculty of Law offers Masters Degrees in Infant – Adolescent and Family Law, Constitutional Law and Public Institutions, and Criminal Law and the Penal Process ; and postgraduate courses in Family Mediator Training.

The Indian Penal Code was later reproduced in most other British colonies – and to date many of these laws are still in effect in places as far apart as Pakistan, Singapore, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nigeria and Zimbabwe as well as in India.

Among the main changes the French empire brought were the overhaul of administration, the changing of the schooling system – creating universities and making Slovene a learning language – and the usage of the Napoleonic code ( the French Code Civil ) and the Penal Code.

* John Keogh ( 1740 – 1817 ) was a leading Irish campaigner who struggled to get Irish Roman Catholics the right to vote and the repeal of the Penal Laws.

* 16 December – In Bogotá, Colombia the Penal Chamber of Bogotá's Supreme Tribunal hands down lengthy jail sentences to Niall Connolly, Martin McCauley and James Monaghan for training Marxist rebels in Colombia.

It was impugned as bad in point of law by Sir Robert Atkyns ( 1621 – 1709 ) in a tract entitled ' An Enquiry into the Power of dispensing with Penal Statutes.

A rough portrait of MacCarthy was taken to France in 1776 by a collateral kinsman, Justin MacCarthy ( 1744 – 1811 ) of Springhouse, Bansha, County Tipperary, who was a direct descendant of Dónal na Pípí and was going into exile because of the harsh treatment in Ireland of Catholics under the Penal Laws.

He was the Secretary General of the International Association of Penal Law ( Internationale Association De Droit Penal ) ( IADP ) from 1974 – 1989, and was President of the IADP from 1989 – 2004, and is currently the Association's Honorary President.

* David M. Borden ( 1990 – 2007 ) One of the original members of the Appellate Court, drafter of Connecticut's Penal Code, first administrative judge for the Appellate System, served as acting chief justice from 2006 – 2007, still active as a Judge Trial Referee on the Appellate Court, screening cases for transfer to the Supreme Court.

* Keep377A. com – campaign for the retention of section 377A of the Penal Code

* Repeal377a. com – campaign for the repeal of section 377A of the Penal Code

* Singapore Daily page on 377A – collection of blogger postings on section 377A of the Penal Code

Lincoln in his late 30s – photo taken by one of Lincoln's law students around 1846

He returned to politics to oppose the pro-slavery Kansas – Nebraska Act ( 1854 ); this law repealed the slavery-restricting Missouri Compromise ( 1820 ).

* 1965 – US President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law.

This corresponds to a speed of around 0. 05 c. There is surprisingly small variation around this energy, due to the heavy dependence of the half-life of this process on the energy produced ( see equations in the Geiger – Nuttall law ).

Gamow solved a model potential for the nucleus and derived, from first principles, a relationship between the half-life of the decay, and the energy of the emission, which had been previously discovered empirically, and was known as the Geiger – Nuttall law.

* 1862 – American Civil War: The District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act, a bill ending slavery in the District of Columbia, becomes law.

* 1916 – Easter Rising: Martial law in Ireland is lifted and the rebellion is officially over with the surrender of Irish nationalists to British authorities in Dublin.

In the list of popes given in the Holy See's annual directory, Annuario Pontificio, the following note is attached to the name of Pope Leo VIII ( 963 – 965 ): At this point, as again in the mid-eleventh century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonising historical criteria and those of theology and canon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the successors of Saint Peter.

About a fifth of the law code is taken up by Alfred's introduction, which includes translations into English of the Decalogue, a few chapters from the Book of Exodus, and the " Apostolic Letter " from Acts of the Apostles ( 15: 23 – 29 ).

* 1998 – Pakistan's National Assembly passes a constitutional amendment to make the " Qur ' an and Sunnah " the " supreme law " but the bill is defeated in the Senate.

* 1896 – Philippine Revolution: After Spanish victory in the Battle of San Juan del Monte, eight provinces in the Philippines are declared under martial law by the Spanish Governor-General Ramón Blanco y Erenas.

Lavoisier's experiments supported the law of conservation of mass, which he was the first to state, although Mikhail Lomonosov ( 1711 – 1765 ) had previously expressed similar ideas in 1748 and proved them in experiments.

" Like his brother Baldwin III, he was more of an academic than a warrior, who studied law and languages in his leisure time: " He was well skilled in the customary law by which the kingdom was governed – in fact, he was second to no one in this respect.

In January 2005, a federal law came into force in Germany – the Luftsicherheitsgesetz – that allowed " direct action by armed force " against a hijacked aircraft to prevent a 9 / 11-type attack.

* 1871 – The Civil Rights Act of 1871 becomes law.

* 1913 – The 17th Amendment to the United States Constitution, requiring direct election of Senators, becomes law.

* 1935 – The Works Progress Administration is formed when the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 becomes law.

According to the 1977 constitution of the Republic of Afghanistan ( 1973 – 78 ), all Afghans are equal in rights and obligations before the law.

* 2008 – Texas law enforcement cordons off the FLDS's YFZ Ranch.

* 1710 – The Statute of Anne, the first law regulating copyright, enters into force in Great Britain.

* 1916 – Easter Rebellion: The United Kingdom declares martial law in Ireland.

* 1938 – U. S. Supreme Court delivers its opinion in Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins and overturns a century of federal common law.

* 1874 – Guglielmo Marconi, Italian inventor and developed Marconi's law, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics ( d. 1937 )